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Abura (Mitragyna ciliata)
Family: Rubiaceae Common names: Abura, Agofa, Andinding, Andiniding, Atchiupon, Bahia, Bakia, Baya, Beya, Bodo, Bourafete, Camaroncillo, Eben, Elelom, Elelom n'zame, Elelome n'zame, Elelon, Elolom, Enoupou, Epoukou, False opepe, Louambo, M'boy, M'po, M'voukou, M'vuku masa, Malamba, Maluku, Maza, Moukonia, Mujiura, Mushiwa, N'toval, N'towo, Nzingu, Obo, Ohombe, Oro, Ossoupou, Poplar, Popo, Propro, Sofoa, Soufo, Sozo, Subaha, Suhaba, Sukaba, Tobou, Uburu, Uwen, Vuku Distributed in: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia (Africa) Distribution overview: The species occurs primarily in West and Central Africa, from Sierra Leone to the Congo region and Angola. It is described as gregarious and is usually found in freshwater swamps Common uses: Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hardboards, Hatracks, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Mine timbers, Model airplanes, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: percussion, Musical instruments: piano, Oars, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Pencil, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes, Woodwork Environment profile: Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center
Endangered in Benin and Vulnerable in Ivory Coast and Liberia. Its status in the wild is currently listed as unknown because of insufficient information in Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria, and Zaire
Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm
Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodSame as heartwood, White to yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureVery even and the lusterMedium
Natural durability: Susceptible to pinhole borers , Susceptible to termite attack Odor: Unpleasant odor Silica Content: Likely to have significant impact on machining Kiln Schedules: UK=K US=T13C4S/T11D3S Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm)
Drying Defects: Slight end splitting, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Shakes must be removed during conversion Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Slight to severe depending upon silica content Boring: Easy
Cutting Resistance: Requires sharp cutters Gluing: Glues well Mortising: Easy to mortise
Moulding: Easy to mould
Movement in Service: Easy to mould
Nailing: Holds nails well, Possible if prebored Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Sanding: Good sanding finish
Veneering qualities: Easy to cut, Good gluing qualities Steam bending: Very poor
Screwing: Good screwing properties, Screwing yields good results; Turning: Good results
Painting: Good; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Finish is generally satisfactory; Varnishing: Good;
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Hardness (side grain) = soft 1 Shrinkage, Radial = moderate 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = large Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Max. crushing strength = low Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Work to Maximum Load = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Weight = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impace Strength) = medium Toughness (total work) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Resists denting and marring Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = medium Density = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = very low Arkwright, P.,1955,Know your Timbers No.15 Abura,Woodworking Industry,12(3, p177Bertin, A., Meniaud, J.,1949,Timbers of the Cameroons,Compagnie Francais du Cameroon,(Transl. by F.Jane)Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1948,Bahia (Mitragyne ciliata,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.5,pp37-40Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1949,Bubinga (Guiboutia spp,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.12,pp429-432Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1976,Bahia (Mitragyna ciliata,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No165,pp21-34Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBrown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonDahms, K.G.,1968,Afrikanische Exportholzer,D.R.W Verlags StuttgartEdlin, H.L.,1969,What wood is that? A Manual of Wood Identification,Jarrold and Sons Ltd. NorwichErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1968,Report on a Consignment of Heglig (Balanites aegyptiaca) from the Republic,of the Sudan,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Reports on,Overseas Timber, No.9Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFrance - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceFrance - C.T.F.T.,1961,Resultats des Observations et des Essais effectues au CTFT sur Abura,C.T.F.T. Information technique,No.109France - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 LeafletsFrance - C.T.F.T.,Promotion of Ivory Coast Timbers. New Series (Leaflets,C.T.F.T.France - C.T.F.T.,Recuil de Fiches Techniques,C.T.F.T.HMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods.2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonJay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Menon, K.D.,1958,Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post,Beetle,Attack,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet,no.27Okigbo, L., Von Wendorff, G.,1964,Some Nigerian Woods (2nd Edition,Federal Ministry of Information LagosOsain, E.J.,1973,An autecological study of Mitragyna ciliata,Obeche,No. 8/9, pp19-36Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSaint-Aubin, G. de,1963,La Foret du Gabon,CTFT Publ., No.21Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsThomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionVoorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, WageningenWoods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesWood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13 |
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