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Mora
Mora (Mora excelsa)

Family: Leguminosae

Common names: Alcornoque, Belarbre, Black mora, King tree, Mahot rouge, Mora, Mora bucquia, Mora de gulayana, Mora de guyana, Mora peto, Mora-yek, Moraballi, Moraboekea, Morabukea, Morade-guyana, Moreira, Muro, Nato, Nato rojo, Palaloea, Parakaua, Perakaua, Peto, Peto prakowa, Pracuuba, Pracuuba branca, Pracuuba vermelha, Prakue, Red mora, Roode, Roode more, Torore, White mora, Witte mora

Distributed in: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia)

Distribution overview: The species occurs widely in the Guianas, and less frequently in the Orinoco Delta of Venezuela. It is a dominant species on river levees and flood plains, and forms dense stands.

Common uses: Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Charcoal, Construction, Crossties, Decks, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Piling, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Sub-flooring, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction, Wheels

Product sources: The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber for local consumption. Export potential is rated as fair.

Environment profile: Status has not been officially assessed

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isYellow to golden-yellow to orange, Yellowish-Red brown and the sapwoodYellow, Yellowish brown.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterPronounced

Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very durable

Odor: Slightly sour odor

Kiln Schedules: UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2

Kiln Drying Rate: Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm)

Drying Defects: Slight collapse and honeycomb, Slight surface checking

Ease of Drying: Variable results.

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is cylindrical

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Little

Boring: Straight grained wood bores well

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Poor to Very Poor Results

Mortising: Poor to Very Poor

Moulding: Poor to Very Poor

Movement in Service: Poor to Very Poor

Nailing: Possible if prebored, Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Poor to Very Poor

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Response to hand tools: Responds Readily

Routing recessing: Poor to Very Poor Results

Veneering qualities: Diifficult to veneer, No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting

Steam bending: Moderate

Screwing: Poor to Very Poor Results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Poor to Very Poor Results

Painting: Poor to Very Poor; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Finish is generally satisfactory ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,7 0,89
Density 993 kg/m3
Bending Strength 898 1481 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 71 88 kg/cm2
Hardness 1099 kg
Impact Strength 83 104 cm
Shearing Strength 153 kg/cm2
Stiffness 154 189 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 10 %
Radial Shrinkage 6 %
Weight 961 929 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,84 1,12 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 256 cm-kg
Static Bending 622 898 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 12777 21076 psi
Crushing Strength 1019 1254 psi
Density 62 lbs/ft3
Hardness 2425 lbs
Impact Strength 33 41 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 7061 11196 psi
Shearing Strength 2183 psi
Static Bending 8859 12779 psi
Stiffness 2193 2693 1000 psi
Toughness 223 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 12 16 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.7 0.89
Weight 60 58 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 6 %
Tangential Shrinkage 10 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 19 %

Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high 0
Max. crushing strength = high
Max. crushing strength = very high
Hardness (side grain) = very hard
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Max. crushing strength = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = very high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Hardness (side grain) = hard
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
Work to Maximum Load = low
Weight = very high
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Max. crushing strength = low
Density = very high
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high

Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building ResearchBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brooks, R.L., et al,1941,Durability tests on Untreated Timbers in Trinidad,Caribbean Forester,2(3,pp101-119Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme.1990.Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonDonoso, J.,1972,Know your Woods - Mora,Guyana Forest Department, Forest Industries Newsletter,1(3,p1Edmondson, C.H.,1949,Reaction of Woods from S.America and Caribbean areas to Marine Borers in,Hawaiian Waters,Caribbean Foresters,10(1,PP37-41Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFanshawe, D.B.,1948,Studies of the Trees of British Guiana Part 3,Tropical Woods,12(93,pp1-28Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Guna et al, S.R.D.,1945,Notes on British Guiana Timbers,The 'Daily Chronicle' Ltd. Printers,28PPGuyana Forestry Department,1951,British Guiana Timbers - Mora,British Guiana Forestry Department Leaflet,5,3ppHiggins, H.G., et al,1973,Pulping of Tropical Hardwoods: Individual and Mixed Species Wood and Paper,Properties Resource Assessment,CSIRO Forest Products Lab. Div. Appl. Chem. Tech. Paper,No.70HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryKukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lavers, G. M.1966.The Strength Properties of Timbers.Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50.Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207Marshall, R.C.,1934,Trees of Trinidad and Tobago,Government Printer Port of Spain TrinidadMarshall, R.C.,1939,Silviculture of the trees of Trinidad and Tobago - British West Indies,O.U.P.,LondonPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPolak, A.M.,1992,Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Field Guide,The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The NetherlandsRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRecord, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonSurinam Forest Service,1952,Surinam Timber - A Summary with brief descriptions of the main timber,species of Surinam,Surinam Forest ServiceTakahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-IndonesiaTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionVink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.Wangaard, F.F., and A.F. Muschler. 1952. Tropical Woods - Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods, Volume III, No. 98. School of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.Wangaard, F.F., W.L. Stern, and S.L. Goodrich. 1955. Tropical Woods - Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods, Volume V, No. 103. School of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
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