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Water tupelo
Water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica)

Family: Cornaceae

Common names: Bay poplar, Black gum, Bowl gum, Cotton gum, Gum, Gum cottonwood, Hazel pine, Hickory poplar, Olivetree, Pawpaw gum, Sourgum, Swamp black gum, Swamp poplar, Swamp tupelo, Swamp-gum, Tupelo, Tupelo gum, Water gum, Water tupelo

Distributed in: United States (North America)

Distribution overview: This species occurs in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Kentucky, Illinois, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. It prefers swamps and flood plains of streams. Because of its proximity, it is usually submerged under water for a few months during the winter and spring seasons. The species is often found in pure stands.

Common uses: Baskets, Beehives, Boat building: decking, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Crossties, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hatracks, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Moldings, Office furniture, Pallets, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shade rollers, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tables , Toys, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wardrobes

Environment profile: Abundant May be rare at the periphery of its range

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhitish, Yellow.The grain isStriped figure, the textureMedium

Natural durability: Resistant to termites, Susceptible to insect attack

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries at a moderate speed

Drying Defects: Wet wood causes most defects., Wetwood may cause honeycomb, collapse and waterpockets

Ease of Drying: Stack timber carefully to minimize degrade

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Medium blunting effect on tools

Boring: Satisfactory (60+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results)

Cutting Resistance: Medium cutting resistance

Gluing: Very poor gluing properties

Mortising: Very Good to Excellent

Moulding: Very Good to Excellent

Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent

Nailing: Pre-boring recommended, Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Very Good to Excellent

Resistance to Impregnation: Timber responds readily to preservative treatment

Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities

Sanding: Poor sanding properties

Veneering qualities: Suitable for slicing, There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits

Steam bending: Poor

Screwing: Possible if prebored Number of screwed pieces free from complete splits = 63 ; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results

Painting: Very Good to Excellent; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Very Good to Excellent;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,42 0,46
Density 560 kg/m3
Bending Strength 475 681 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 33 59 kg/cm2
Hardness 390 kg
Impact Strength 73 58 cm
Shearing Strength 111 kg/cm2
Stiffness 73 87 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 544 432 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,42 0,49 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 6768 9692 psi
Crushing Strength 470 853 psi
Density 35 lbs/ft3
Hardness 861 lbs
Impact Strength 29 23 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 3456 5907 psi
Shearing Strength 1591 psi
Stiffness 1044 1241 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 6 7 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.42 0.46
Weight 34 27 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 12 %

Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Work to Maximum Load = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Resists denting and marring
Max. crushing strength = low
Hardness = medium
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOHMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, BuckinghamshireHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingLittle, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressSaucier, J.R.,1982,American Woods - Tupelo,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-269T.D.A.,1942,Timber Leaflet No.62 Tupelo (Nyssa aquatica,TRADA Timber LeafletTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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