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East African olive (Olea hochstetteri)
Family: Oleaceae Common names: Black ironwood, East African olive, Ironwood, Ironwood olive, Kiptakeriondu, Masaieta, Murakoiwa, Musat, Musharagi, Musharangi, Musherage, Musheragi, Muthat, Ngiwe, Ngwe, Ol-toliondo, Olive, Olmasi Distributed in: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia (Africa) Distribution overview: The species is reported be found in montane rain forests at altitudes of 6000 to 9000 feet (1830 to 2745 m). They are common in Kenya and parts of Zaire, but are less frequently found in Uganda and Tanzania Common uses: Agricultural implements, Axles, Bearings & bushings, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Bobbins, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Brush backs & handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piling, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Sculpture, Shipbuilding, Specialty items, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels Environment profile: Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center
Vulnerable in Uganda and the Ivory coast
Tree size: Tree height is 30-40 m
Colors: the heart isRed, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureUniformand the lusterMedium
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 Kiln Drying Rate: Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Severe twisting/warping, Slight end splitting Ease of Drying: Reconditioning Treatement Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is not buttressed Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Medium blunting effect on tools Boring: Fairly easy to very easy Carving: Good results Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Mortising: Material mortises well Moulding: Good finishing Movement in Service: Good finishing Nailing: Possible if prebored, Pre-boring recommended Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting: Very Poor Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Routing recessing: Routs to yield clean surfaces
Material containing interlocked grain may be difficult to work
Sanding: Straight grained material sands quite easily Veneering qualities: Suitable for peeling, Suitable for slicing Steam bending: Moderate
Screwing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Possible if prebored; Turning: Good results
Painting: Fair to Good; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Very good staining properties; Varnishing: Takes varnish well ;
Bending strength (MOR) = high 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high 0 Max. crushing strength = high 0 Hardness (side grain) = hard 1 Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Hardness (side grain) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = small Hardness (side grain) = very hard Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Very heavy Very hard Very dense Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Resists denting and marring Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high It is far stronger, for example, than Hard maple, White oak, or Teak. It is very hard, and may be difficult to process with ordinary tools. It is very resistant to wear Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonBrenan, J.P.M., Greenway, P.J.,1949,Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford No.5 Tanganyika Territories Part 2Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. MoshiChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughEggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe UgandaFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1954,Hardwoods for Industrial Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet, No.48Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Grant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest DepartmentHMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods.2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKaiser, Jo-Ann.Wood of the Month:Olive - An Ancient, Peaceful Species.Wood & Wood Products, June, 1992.Page 40.Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEECPatterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonScott, M.H.,1935,Weights of South African Growth Timbers,South African Department of Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin,No.145,Forest Products Institute, Forestry Series No.1South African Lumber Millers Assoc.,1969,Notes on some Commercially Available Hardwoods,S.A.L.M.A. Timber Info. Centre Timber Technical Guide,No.1Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Tack, C.H.,1953,Plywood and veneer species,Forest Department, Uganda. Technical Note 5/1953Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Tanzania Forest Department,1960,The Natural Durability of Local Timbers,Tanzanian Forest Dept. Tech. Note,No.14Tanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Division,1963,Maesopsis eminii (Musizi,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. MoshiTanzania Forest Division,1966,Olea hochstetteri (East African Olive,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Division,1967,The Weights and Shrinkage of some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sect. Technical Note,No.25Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionUganda Forest Department,1954,Flooring Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.17Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya |
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