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Sougue (Parinari excelsa)
Family: Chrysobalanaceae Common names: Afam, Aiomoradan, Assain, Assila, Assita, Bobombi, Bonzole, Bula, Catesima, Dawe, Distschia, Ditschia, Djirro, Ebula, Ebura, Esagko, Eshagho, Gboh, Grahm-sougue, Grey plum, Grey skinned plum, Guinea plum, Gulih, Inyi, Koolako, Kotosima, Kotossouma, Kotue, Kpar, Kura, Kura-mako, Kurahi, Kuranako, Kwanedua, Mampata, Mampataz, Mampato, Mbula, Mbura, Merecurillo, Mose, Msabala, Mubara, Mubura, Muganda, Mula, Mulanga, Munazi, Mushimba, Namulambo, Nnamulambo, Ofam, Omushamba, Patobi, Pemba, Pembe, Piolo, Rough skinned plum, Shuge, Sougue, Sougue a grandes feuilles, Suge Distributed in: Benin, Brazil, Cameroon, Columbia, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Guyana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Venezuela (Africa, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: This pan-tropical species occurs widely in tropical Africa and America. It usually grows in mixed stands at elevations of 3000 and 6000 feet (915 and 1830 m). Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building: framing, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Charcoal, Construction, Decks, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Sub-flooring, Vehicle parts Environment profile: Very secure within its natural range Tree size:
The tree reaches a height of 150 to 170 feet (45 to 61 m), with a trunk diameter of 36 to 60 inches (100 to 150 cm) above large buttresses that are up to 10 feet (3 m) high. It develops boles that are mostly of good form and cylindrical. They are usually clear of branches for 60 to 90 feet (18 to 27 m).
Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite, White to yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Very durable, Very little natural resistance Odor: The odor disappears after the timber is seasoned
The sapwood has a scent of honey when freshly cut
Silica Content: Siliceous LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2 Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Tendency to split and distort Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: High to severe Boring: Fairly easy to very easy Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties Mortising: Finishes poorly Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Nailing: Possible if prebored, Pre-Boring is necessary Planing: Specially-Tipped cutters are required Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Responds Readily Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering qualities: Easy to cut, No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Steam bending: Moderate
The wood has moderately good steam bending characteristics.
Screwing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Pre-Boring is required before screwing ; Turning: Tends to dull cutting edges of ordinary tools rapidly and severely
Painting: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Fairly Easy to Very Easy; Varnishing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy;
Max. crushing strength = high 0 Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Hardness (side grain) = medium 0 Shrinkage, Volumetric = large 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium 0 Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Shrinkage, Radial = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Shrinkage, Radial = small Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = very high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Max. crushing strength = very high Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = hard Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft Strength properties are reported to vary with origin and conditions at growth site, but the wood is very hard. Weight is usually very high, and the wood tends to be very dense. It is suitable for charcoal and firewood. Fruit produced by the species is edible. Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBrenan, J.P.M., Greenway, P.J.,1949,Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford No.5 Tanganyika Territories Part 2Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. MoshiChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe UgandaErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1950,The Seasoning Properties of Exotic Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Leaflet,No.44 and supplements 1 & 2Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1951,Mubura - Parinari excelsa,Department of Science and Industrial Research Timber LeafletForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Gotz, E.,1983,Timber trees of the Gambia,Stiftung Walderhaltung in Afrika and Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Forst-,und HolzwirtschaftGrant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest DepartmentHMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods.2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonJones, T.,1962,Recent Investigations of 2 New Tree Borers in the Indigenous Forests in,East Africa,East African Common Services Organization - Eighth British Commonwealth,Forestry Conference.Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Pieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent BelguimSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer UgandaTakahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Tanzania Forest Department,1960,The Natural Durability of Local Timbers,Tanzanian Forest Dept. Tech. Note,No.14Tanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. MoshiTanzania Forest Division,1967,Parinari excelsa (Mubara.Mula,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaUganda Forest Department,1954,Flooring Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.17Uganda Forest Department,1954,Mubura (Parinari holstii,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.5Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1Uganda Forest Department,1969,The Shrinkage of Some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.47Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187White, F.,1962,Forest Flora of Northern Rhodesia,O.U.P. London |
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