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Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Family: Pinaceae Common names: Baltic white pine , Baltic whitewood, Common spruce, European spruce, European whitewood, Finnish whitewood, Fir, Gran, Northern whitewood, Norway spruce, Russian whitewood, Spruce, Spruce fir, Violin wood, White baltic, White deal, White fir, White pine, Whitewood Distributed in: Finland, Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom (Eastern Europe, Western Europe) Distribution overview: The species is widely distributed throughout Europe, except in Denmark and the Netherlands.Although Norway spruce is native to and occurs in the wild over most of northern and central Europe, it is widely cultivated in the United Kingdom and southeastern Canada. It has also been successfully planted in the northeast, the Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific Coast regions in the United States. The tree usually grows in moist soils in humid, cool, temperate regions. Common uses: Balusters, Boat building: masts, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Carvings, Casks, Ceiling, Cooperages, Core Stock, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture, General carpentry, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Musical instruments , Musical instruments: piano, Musical instruments: strings, Organ pipes, Packing cases, Parquet flooring, Plain veneer, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Sounding boards, Stairrails, Stairworks, Stringers, Structural plywood, Sub-flooring, Utility plywood, Veneer, Violin bows, Violin, Wainscotting, Xylophones Product sources: Much of Norway spruce bes imported into the United Kingdom from Russia and Scandinavia under the trade name of Whitewood or White deal. Environment profile: Rare Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMediumand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Sapwood is vulnerable to attack by furniture beetles, Susceptible to attack by fungi Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Requires care to minimize degrade Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on machining is variable Cutting Resistance: Rather low
Gluing: Moderate gluing properties Nailing: Good nailing characteristics, Holds nails well Planing: Difficult to plane
Knotty wood requires sharp cutting edges for best , because tear may occur around knots in planing. Clear stock works easily with both hand and machine tools in planing, turning, boring, moulding, and in most wood working operations to produce smooth and clean surfaces Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood Response to hand tools: Very sharp cutting edges are required to produce a smooth surface Sanding: Good sanding properties
Veneering qualities: No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting, There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Steam bending: Very poor
Screwing: Easy to screw, Screwing yields good results;
Painting: Takes paint well ; Polishing: Good; Staining: Good staining qualities; Varnishing: Satisfactory;
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. 0 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Medium Max. crushing strength = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness (total work) = very low Small Mor/Bending strength = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Moderate Max. crushing strength = very low Low Low Low Fairly large 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Trength properties are reported to vary widely and are dependent upon origin, but the timber is comparable to Redwood (Sequoia) in most respects. It has medium bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content). It is closer in strength to Mahogany than either Teak or White oak. It is weak in compression parallel to grain (maximum crushing strength). The wood is soft, and surfaces may dent easily. It also does not wear well, and mars easily. Wood is low in weight, and has average, or medium, density. Wood produced by Spruce trees from central and eastern Europe possesses exceptional resonance qualities and is used for sound boards of pianos and bellies of violins and guitars. Work to Maximum Load Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonDallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonFindlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PPForest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day. 1992. Good Wood Handbook - The Wood worker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. HarperCollins Publishers, LondonKloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Mitchell, A.F. 1985. Conifers. Forestry Commision Booklet No. 15. Forestry Commission, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Nairn, P.M., Editor. 1936. Wood Specimens - 100 Reproductions in Color -A Series of Selected Timbers Reproduced in Natural Color with Introduction and Annotations by H.A. Cox. The Nema Press, Proprietors of Wood, London.Patterson, D. 1988. Commercial Timbers of the World. Fifth Edition. Gower Technical Press, Aldershot, UK. ix + 339 pp.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonRijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic PublishersT.D.A.,1942,Timber Leaflet - No.48 Whitewood (Picea abies,TRADA Timber LeafletT.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADATimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H. 1965. Commercial Timbers of the World. Third Edition (Enlarged of A ConRussiae Encyclopedia of World Timbers). The Technical Press Ltd., London.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionWallis, N.K. 1956. Australian Timber Handbook. Sponsored by The Timber Development Association of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Ltd., 89 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, Australia.WCMC.1992.Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World.World Conservation Monitoring Center - Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. |
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