Wood inspector

Item	Green	Dry	Metric
Specific Gravity	0,32	0,34
Density		416	kg/m3
Bending Strength	358	613	kg/cm2
Crushing Strength	16	32	kg/cm2
Hardness		161	kg
Impact Strength	50	43	cm
Shearing Strength		73	kg/cm2
Stiffness	83	101	1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage	6		%
Radial Shrinkage	3		%
Weight	432	400	kg/m3
Maximum Load	0,42	0,56	cm-kg/cm3
Toughness		109	cm-kg
Static Bending	220	406	kg/cm2

Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Low
Low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Max. crushing strength = very low
Mor/Bending strength = very low
Toughness (total work) = very low
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Medium
Medium
Max. crushing strength = very low
Low
31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Trength properties are rated as moderate in general. Bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is medium. It is weak in compression parallel to grain (maximum crushing strength). The wood is soft, and surfaces may dent easily. It also does not wear well, and mars easily. Weight and density are about average. Engelmann spruce is very resilient. Work to Maximum Load

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonConstantine, Jr., A.J. 1975. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New YorkDallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonForest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingLauricio, F.M., Bellosillo, S.B.,1966,Fifth Progress Report on the Mechanical and Related Properties of,Philippine woods,Philippine Lumberman,12(5,p66Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479McSwain, G.A. et al,1970,American Woods - Engelmann Spruce,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-264Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook : Wood as an Engineering Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Western Wood Products Association.19__.Softwoods of the Western USA.Published and Distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London