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Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)
Family: Pinaceae Common names: Black spruce, Californian coast spruce, Coast spruce, Menzies spruce, Silk spruce, Silver spruce, Sitka spruce, Spruce, Tideland spruce, Western spruce, Yellow spruce Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America) Distribution overview: Sitka spruce occurs in British Columbia, Yukon Territory, Alaska, California, Oregon, and Washington.It grows in coastal forests in the fog belt, which is a narrow strip containing high rainfall and cool climate, and is usually found in pure stands and in association with Western hemlock at elevations of up to 3000 feet (914 m) in Alaska, and below 1200 feet (366 m) in California. Common uses: Beams, Boat building (general), Boat building: masts, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Ceiling, Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Decks, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Joists, Ladders, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Oars, Packing cases, Pallets, Paneling , Particleboard, Plywood, Poles, Porch columns, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Rough construction, Siding, Utility poles, Vehicle parts, Wainscotting Product sources: Sitka spruce is capable of producing large volumes of clear, straight-grained lumber because of its size. The wood is sometimes sold in a mixture with White spruce, True firs, and other softwoods which makes it rather difficult to isolate commercially. Material for musical instruments has a market of its own, and the selection process is highly specialized. Sitka spruce is the primary source of timber in Alaska. Environment profile: Widespread Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isVery fine, the textureMediumand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera), Susceptible to insect attack Odor: No specific smell or taste LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=J US=T12B5/T11B3 Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly Drying Defects: Slight end splitting, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Slowly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is unknown Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Moderate Boring: Responds very well to boring Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance: Rather small Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Mortising: Very good mortising characteristics Moulding: Very good moulding properties Movement in Service: Very good moulding properties Nailing: Holds satisfactorily, Very Good to Excellent Planing: Very good planing properties Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is moderately resistant Response to hand tools: Responds Readily Routing recessing: Routing yields good results Sanding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Good steam bending properties
Screwing: Screwing yields good results, Screwing yields satisfactory results; Turning: Poor to Very Poor Results
Painting: Satisfactory; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Good staining qualities; Varnishing: Good;
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Low 1 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low 0 Hardness (side grain) = very soft 0 Work to Maximum Load = very low Medium Low Low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Low Very small Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Small Medium Low 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness (total work) = very low Small Mor/Bending strength = very low Medium Medium Max. crushing strength = very low Low High Itka spruce has one of the highest strength-to-weight ratios. Bending strength is in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) medium. It has medium compression strength parallel to grain. The wood is soft, and surfaces may dent easily. Weight is moderate, and density is average, or medium. Its natural resonance qualities make Sitka spruce an ideal choice for musical instrument soundboards. Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonDallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonFindlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PPFlynn Jr., J.H. 1993. Picea sitchensis - Sitka spruce. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 265-266.Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonRijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic PublishersStone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonT.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADAThomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Western Wood Products Association.19__.Softwoods of the Western USA.Published and Distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.Wolcott, G.N.,1950,An Index to the Termite Resistance of Woods,Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Puerto Rico Bulletin,No.85Woodfin, R.O.,1973,American Woods Sitka Spruce,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-265 |
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