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Carribean pine (Pinus caribaea)
Family: Pinaceae Common names: Bastard pine, British Honduras pitch pine, Caribaea-den, Caribbean longleaf pitch pine, Caribbean pine, Caribbean pitch pine, Cuban pine, Fiji pine, Honduras pitch pine, Jersey pine, Meadow pine, Nicaraguan pine, Ocote, Pine, Pinho caribea, Pino, Pino costeno, Pino ocote, Pino veto, Pinus, Pitch pine, Scrub pine, She pine, She pitch pine, Slash pine, Southern pine, Spruce pine, Virginia pine Distributed in: Australia, Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Fiji [Polynesia], Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Uganda (Africa, Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: Naturallys occur in the Bahama Islands, western Cuba, Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, but it has been established successfully in Queensland, Western Australia, Fiji, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and elsewhere. In South Africa, the species is confined to the heavy rainfall areas of the Eastern Transvaal, Zululand, and the Cape Midlands. Until recently, Slash pine (P. elliottii) from southeastern United States has been known as Pinus caribaea. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boat building: masts, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Bridge beams, Bridge construction, Bridge joists, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Construction, Crossties, Decks, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Foundation posts, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Pile-driver cushions, Piling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Stakes, Sub-flooring, Toys, Vats, Veneer, agricultural implements Environment profile: Vulnerable Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera), Susceptible to marine borer attack Odor: Strong resinous odor Kiln Schedules: UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Thicker sizes may end-split Ease of Drying: Veneer dries relatively rapidly, with little degrade except slight tendency to split Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight
Comments: Abnormal wood tissue in the form of compression wood may be present General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on machining is slight
Boring: Responds well to boring Carving: Good results Cutting Resistance: Low resistance to sawing Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties Mortising: Responds well to ordinary tools in mortising Moulding: Good moulding properties Movement in Service: Good moulding properties Nailing: Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground , Takes nails well Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting: Satisfactory Response to hand tools: Responds well to hand tools Routing recessing: Generally good routing qualities Sanding: Good sanding properties Steam bending: Moderate
Screwing: Screwing yields good results, Screwing yields satisfactory results; Turning: Turns well
Painting: Satisfactory painting response, but if contains excessive resin, it may cause problems ; Polishing: Fair to Good; Staining: Finish is generally good
; Varnishing: Good;
Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0 Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Hardness (side grain) = soft 0 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate 1 Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Max. crushing strength = low Max. crushing strength = high Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shrinkage, Radial = large Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Work to Maximum Load = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Toughness (total work) = very low Toughness (total work) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = very small Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Work to Maximum Load Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high Toughness (total work) = low Toughness (total work) = high High bending strength in air-dry condition (about 12% moisture content) Heavy Hardness = medium Dense Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Alston, A.S.,1982,Timbers of Fiji: Properties and potential uses,Fiji Forestry Department, SuvaAlston, A.S.,1985,The Properties and Potential Uses of Fiji Pine (P.caribaea,Fiji Forestry Department, Fiji Timbers and their Uses No.79Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building ResearchBolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1972,The Mechanical Properties of 56 Fijian Timbers,Australia C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.,62Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brazier, J.D., Franklin, G.L.,1967,An Appraisal of the Wood Characteristics and Potential Uses of some,Nicaraguan Timbers,FAO for Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughBrown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 9 Central America and the Caribbean,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. MoshiChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonDallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonDesch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318Fiji Forestry Department,1981,The Properties and Uses of 43 Indigenous and Exotic Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Fiji Timbers and their Uses No.71Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PPForest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, Nigeria,1967,Holoptelea grandis,Nigeria Fed. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan, Forest Products,Research Laboratory Report No.13Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Gua, B.E.,1988,Observation on timber samples of eighteen research and plantation species,Forest Research Note, Solomon Islands Forestry Division Number 53 21/88Haslett, A.N.; Young, G.D. and Britton, R.A.J.,1991,Plantation grown Tropical Timbers. 2. Properties, Processing and Uses,Journal of Tropical Forest Science 3(3):229-237Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza.1961.Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia.Technological Paper No. 12.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lavers, G. M.1966.The Strength Properties of Timbers.Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50.Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1956. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 4. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi.Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783.Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Oliver, A.C.,1974,Timber for Marine and Freshwater Construction,TRADA, LondonPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPoynton, R.J.,1957,Notes on Exotic Forest Trees in South Africa (Second Edition, Revised,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.38Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Scott, M.H.,1951,The Quality and Uses of Exotic Softwoods in South Africa,Empire Forestry Review 30:235-249Scott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36Shukla, N.K. and Sangal, S.K.,1986,Preliminary studies of strength properties of some exotic timbers,Indian Forester 112:5, 459-465Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Smith, E.E.,1954,The Forests of Cuba,Maria Moors Cabot Foundation,U.S.A. Publication, No. 2Stewart, A.M., Kloot, N.H.,1957,Mechanical Properties of Timbers,C.S.I.R.O., Australia Bulletin,No.279Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4Thomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72Uganda Forest Department,1969,The Shrinkage of Some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.47Uganda Forestry Department,1954,Pilot tests of strength properties of some Ugandan grown timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber leaflet No. 46Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.Wangaard, F.F., and A.F. Muschler. 1952. Tropical Woods - Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods, Volume III, No. 98. School of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.Wangaard, F.F., W.L. Stern, and S.L. Goodrich. 1955. Tropical Woods - Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods, Volume V, No. 103. School of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Wyatt-Smith, J.,1928,Costa Rican Balsa (Ochroma lagopus,Tropical Woods,2(15,PP34-7 |
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