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Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)
Family: Pinaceae Common names: Black pine, Contorta pine, Jack pine, Knotty pine, Lodgepole pine, Scrub pine, Shore pine, Spruce pine, Tamarack pine, Western jack pine Distributed in: Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States (Central America, North America, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe) Distribution overview: The species is widely distributed, and is the only conifer native to both Alaska and Mexico. The Pacific Coast variety of the species (var. contorta) is described as a small tree with spreading crown and cones that open at maturity but remains attached. Sierra Lodgepole pine (var. murrayana), which grows in the Cascade Mountains of southwestern Washington and western Oregon, the Sierra Nevada of central California, and south to northern Baja, is described as tall and narrow, with lightweight cones that open at maturity and shed within a few years. Lodgepole pine or Rocky Mountain Lodgepole pine (var. latifolia), which grows in the Rocky Mountains is also tall and narrow. It is highly adaptable to forest fires, with cones that remain tightly closed on the tree for many years until a fire destroys the forest. Heat from fire causes the cones to open and expend their seeds to begin a new forest. Lodgepole pine has also been successfully cultivated in the United Kingdom, in Wales, northern Scotland, northwest England, and also throughout Ireland. The tree thrives on mostly well-drained soils, and is often found in pure stands. Shore pine (var. contorta) grow in peat bogs, muskegs, and dry, sandy sites. The coastal variety of the species occurs from sea level to elevations of 2000 feet (610 m). Inland varieties are found at elevations of 1500 to 3000 feet (457 to 914 m) in the north, and at 7000 to 11500 feet (2134 to 3505 m) in the south. Lodgepole pine is capable of tolerating severe climatic and soil conditions. The species also grows in the interior of British Columbia and in Western Alberta, as well as in adjacent areas in the southern Yukon and southwestern Northeast Territories in Canada. Lodgepole pine (var. murrayana) has also been successfully cultivated in New Zealand.Product Sources It is currently unknown whether lumber and other timber products produced from this species are obtainable from sustainably managed sources.Lodgepole pine is included in the Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) species combination in structural sizes and grades. It is also marketed separately or in a mixture with Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii).For certain applications, the following species in the database compare favorably with Lodgepole pine: Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) \ Common uses: Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Construction, Cooperages, Corral rails, Crossties, Decorative veneer, Fuelwood, Furniture, Hardboards, Joinery, Light construction, Mine timbers, Orchard props, Paneling , Paneling, Particleboard, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Siding, Structural plywood, Veneer Environment profile: Environmental status not officially assessed
Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureMedium
Natural durability: Resistant to powder post beetles, Susceptible to insect attack Odor: Non-Characteristic resinous odor Kiln Schedules: UK=L US=T146C6S/T12C5S Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries quickly
Drying Defects: Severe surface checking, Severe twisting/warping Ease of Drying: Veneer dries relatively rapidly, with little degrade except slight tendency to split Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory Boring: Responds readily and very well to boring
Gluing: Glues well Mortising: Good mortising properties
Moulding: Good moulding properties
Movement in Service: Good moulding properties
Nailing: Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground , Very good nailing qualities Planing: Very clean and shiny worked surfaces Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Poor to Very Poor Results
Screwing: Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground , Takes screws very well ; Turning: Turns well
Painting: Satisfactory; Polishing: Generally polishes well
; Staining: Good staining qualities; Varnishing: Good;
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Work to Maximum Load Toughness (total work) = very low Toughness (total work) = low Soft wood, with surfaces denting easily Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Moderate weight Moderate density Medium bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12% moisture content) Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = very low The timber is the strongest of the pines native to Western United States Betts, H.S.,1954,American Woods - Western White Pine,USDA, Forest Service American WoodsBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, CanadaClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonConstantine, Jr. A.J. 1975. Know your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition, Revised by Harry J. Hobbs.Charles Scribner and Sons, New YorkDallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonForest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKotok, E.S.,1971,American Woods - Lodgepole Pine,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-253Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.MacDonald, J., R.F. Wood, M.V. Edwards and J.R. Aldhous, Editors. 1957. Exotic Forest Trees in Great Britain. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 30.Paper Prepared for the Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Australia and New Zealand. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783.Mitchell, A.F. 1985. Conifers. Forestry Commision Booklet No. 15. Forestry Commission, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionNew Zealand Forest Service. 1957. Forest Trees and Timbers of New Zealand. Bulletin No. 12, New Zealand Forest Service. Compiled under the Direction of A.R. Entrican by H.V. Hinds and J.S. Reid. Governemnt Printer, Wellington, New Zealand.Panshin, A.J. and C. de Zeuuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology: Structure, Identification, Properties, and Uses of the Commercial Woods of the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADATitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operator's Manual, (Preliminary Copy). Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Western Wood Products Association. (no date). Softwoods of the Western USA. Published by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon. |
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