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Shortleaf pine
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)

Family: Betulaceae

Common names: Hard pine, Shortleaf pine, Shortstraw pine, Southern yellow pine

Distributed in: United States (North America)

Distribution overview: The geographical range of the species extends from southeastern New York and New Jersey southward to northern Florida, westward to eastern Texas, and north to southern Missouri. The tree usually grows on sites that vary from dry rock mountain ridges to sandy loams and silt of flood plains, and well as in abandoned fields. It is often found in pure stands or in a mixture with other pines and oaks at elevations of up to 3000 feet (1006 m).

Common uses: Beams, Boat building, Boxes and crates, Bridge beams, Bridge construction, Bridge joists, Construction, Cooperages, Excelsior, Fiberboard, Hardboards, Millwork, Mine timbers, Novelties, Pallets, Particleboard, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Pulpwood, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Silos, Stringers, Structural plywood, Structural work, Veneer, Warehouse construction, Woodenware

Product sources: Shortleaf pine is native to 21 southeastern states in the US, and is the most widely distributed of the Southern yellow pines. It is considered to be an important source for timber production, and is a primary source of lumber for construction, millwork, and several other uses.Southern yellow pines which include Shortleaf pine, Longleaf pine (P. palustris), Loblolly pine (P. taeda), and Slash pine (P. elliottii) are reported to have very similar characteristics, which makes them very difficult to separate and are usually mixed and marketed on the basis of density.

Environment profile: Environmental status not officially assessed

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isPurple, Redand the sapwoodWhitish to yellowish, orange-white, or pale yellow , Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureMediumand the lusterLow

Natural durability: Non-durable, Perishable

Odor: Non-Descriptive resinous odor

Kiln Schedules: Regular T13-C6(4/4); T12-C5 (8/4) Schedule L (4/4) United Kingdom

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly

Drying Defects: Excessive drying temperatures may cause checks, splits and brown sapwood stains , Splitting

Ease of Drying: Slowly

Blunting Effect: Moderate blunting effect on cutting edges

Cutting Resistance: Moderate cutting resistance

Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Nailing: Fair to Good , Very good nail-holding properties

Planing: It planes, turns, moulds, bores, and mortises fairly well to yield generally clean finishes

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Response to hand tools: Responds fairly wel to hand tools, with moderate cutting resistance

Sanding: Good sanding properties

Steam bending: Unsuitable for steam bending applications because of high resin content

Screwing: Fair to Good Results, Very good screw holding qualities;

Painting: Satisfactory painting properties ; Polishing: Fairly satisfactory finishing treatments ; Staining: Responds fairly satisfactoril to most finishing treatments ; Varnishing: Takes varnishes satisfactorily ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,44 0,47
Density kg/m3
Bending Strength 509 902 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 24 56 kg/cm2
Hardness 306 kg
Impact Strength 73 81 cm
Shearing Strength 95 kg/cm2
Stiffness 95 120 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Radial Shrinkage 5 %
Weight 785 544 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,56 0,77 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 214 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 7252 12838 psi
Crushing Strength 343 804 psi
Hardness 676 lbs
Impact Strength 29 32 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 3459 7125 psi
Shearing Strength 1362 psi
Stiffness 1362 1715 1000 psi
Toughness 186 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 8 11 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.44 0.47
Weight 49 34 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 5 %
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 12 %

High bending strength in air-dry condition (about 12% moisture content)
Heavy
Crushing strength = high

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Kaiser, Jo-Ann.Wood of the Month:Southern Pine - The Commercial Name for 10 Species.Wood & Wood Products, June, 1991.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783.NWFA.1994.Wood Species Used in Wood Flooring.Technical Publication No. A200.National Wood Flooring Association, Manchester, MO.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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