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Sugar pineSugar pine
Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana)

Family: Pinaceae

Common names: Big pine, Californian sugar pine, Californina soft pine, Gigantic pine, Great sugar pine, Pine, Shade pine, Sugar pine

Distributed in: United States (North America)

Distribution overview: The most majestic of all the pines, Sugar pine occurs from western Oregon south through the Sierra Nevada, to western Nevada and southern California. It is also found in northern Baja, California. It is often found in mixed coniferous forests and is adapted to various types of mountain soils. Sugar pine grows at elevations that are commonly 6000 to 9000 feet (1829 to 2745 m). It is also found, but less frequently, down to an elevation of about 3500 feet (1067 m) and up to an altitude of about 10000 feet (3048 m). The best stands of Sugar pine trees are reported to occur at elevations between 4500 and 6000 feet (1372 and 1829 m) in the central Sierra, fromSan Joaquin River to the American River.

Common uses: Beams, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Concrete formwork, Construction, Domestic flooring, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture, Garage doors/Overhead garage doors, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Matches, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Packing cases, Paneling , Paneling, Porch columns, Rafters, Roofing, Rough construction, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Siding, Structural work, Studs, Sub-flooring, Trimming, Wainscotting

Product sources: Supplies of Sugar pine are adequate, thanks to modern logging techniques which allow less accessible stands of the species to be harvested. Sugar pine, especially wide clear, stock, sells at a slight premium over other White pines.

Environment profile: Widespread, abundant and globally secure

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm

Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight and even , the textureUniformand the lusterSlightly lustrous

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very little natural resistance to decay in ground contact

Odor: Non-Descriptive odor

Kiln Schedules: Light T5-E5(4/4); T5-E5(8/4) US Schedule L(4/4) United Kingdom Heavy T5-F6(4/4);T5-F5(8/4)US

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries quickly

Drying Defects: No twisting or warping, Resin Exudation

Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: Name is derivative of name of sugary exudate known as monmethyl ehter of d -inositol

Blunting Effect: Little

Boring: Very good to excellent results

Cutting Resistance: Works well

Gluing: Very Good to Excellent Results

Mortising: Very Good to Excellent

Moulding: Very Good to Excellent

Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent

Nailing: Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground , Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Very Good to Excellent

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Resistance to Splitting: Satisfactory

Response to hand tools: Responds well to hand tools

Routing recessing: Very Good to Excellent Results

Sanding: Good sanding properties

Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy

Screwing: Screwing yields good results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results

Painting: Very Good to Excellent; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Very Good to Excellent;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,31 0,32
Density 400 kg/m3
Bending Strength 352 568 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 14 34 kg/cm2
Hardness 204 kg
Impact Strength 43 40 cm
Shearing Strength 71 kg/cm2
Stiffness 72 84 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 6 %
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Weight 400 320 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,35 0,42 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 109 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 5016 8079 psi
Crushing Strength 206 490 psi
Density 25 lbs/ft3
Hardness 451 lbs
Impact Strength 17 16 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2503 4070 psi
Shearing Strength 1015 psi
Stiffness 1034 1206 1000 psi
Toughness 95 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 5 6 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.31 0.32
Weight 25 20 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Tangential Shrinkage 6 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 8 %

Max. crushing strength = low
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Work to Maximum Load = very low
Bending strength (MOR) = very low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Toughness (total work) = very low
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Not hard
Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low
Light weight
Dents and marrs easily
Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft.
Strength properties are rather poor in comparison with the Yellow pines since timber produced by Sugar pine lacks the dense latewood bands which contribute to the strength of the Yellow pines

Arno, J. 1988. Pinus lambertiana - Sugar pine. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 270-271.Bendsten, B.A.,1972,Important Structural Properties of Four Western Softwoods: White Pine,,Sugar Pine, Western Redcedar, Port-Orford Cedar,USDA Forest Service Research Paper FPL191Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADADallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kinloch, B.B.,American Woods - Sugar Pine,USDA, Forest Service AmericanKloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressStone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Western Wood Products Association.19__.Softwoods of the Western USA.Published and Distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.
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