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Red pine (Pinus resinosa)
Family: Pinaceae Common names: American red pine, Canadian red pine, Hard pine, Norway pine, Ottawa red pine, Pig iron pine, Pine, Pitch pine, Quebec red pine, Red pine, Shellbark Norway Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America) Distribution overview: Native to the northeastern part of North America, the growth range of Red pine extends from Newfoundland and Quebec west to Ontario and southeastern Manitoba, and south to northeastern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, northern Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, and Maine. It prefers well-drained soils, especially in sandy plains, and is usually found in mixed forests. It grows at elevations of 700 to 1400 feet (213 to 427 m) in the northern regions of its range, up to 2700 feet (823 m) in the Adirondacks, and at 3800 to 4300 feet (1158 to 1311 m) in West Virginia. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Beams, Blinds, Boat building (general), Boat building: masts, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chemical derivatives, Concrete formwork, Construction, Crossties, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory construction, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Fuelwood, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Millwork, Moldings, Packing cases, Pallets, Piling, Poles, Porch columns, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Shutters, Siding, Stakes, Structural work, Studs, Toys, Trimming, Vats Product sources: The largest Radiata pine resource in the world is believed to be in Chile, where the climate is quite favorable for the cultivation of Radiata pine. Radiata pine trees grown on plantations in Chile are often ready to harvest in 16 to 25 years. The species is also grown for commercial consumption on plantations in several countries, including New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. It is the most often planted softwood in both temperate and warm climates, with most of the timber on the market originating from plantation grown trees. Reports from New Zealand indicate that there are currently (March, 1995) no independently certified sources of Radiata pine. Local laws governing the management of New Zealand plantation forests prohibit activities that will adversely affect the environment. Certified wood products are, however, expected to become available in the near future. Most of the exports from New Zealand are in the form of two-by-four sawn boards for construction and logs to Australia, Asia, and some to the United States. \ Environment profile: Rare in parts of its natural range (population is at risk) Tree size: Tree height is 10-20 m
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Wide.The grain isStraight and even , the textureMediumand the lusterHigh
Natural durability: Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles, Very little resistance to decay Odor: Strong resinous odor Kiln Schedules: UK=K US=T13C4S/T11D3S Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Veneer dries relatively rapidly, with little degrade except slight tendency to split Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is cylindrical
Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Boring: Fairly easy to very easy Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Gluing: Moderate gluing properties Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Nailing: Holds nails well, Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground Planing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Resistance to Impregnation: Very easy to penetrate with preservatives Response to hand tools: Yields clean surfaces Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Sanding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering qualities: Moderately easy to veneer, There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Steam bending: Moderate
Screwing: Satisfactory resistance to decay above ground , Screwing yields good results; Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Painting: Satisfactory; Polishing: Good; Staining: Finish is generally good
; Varnishing: Good;
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness (total work) = very low Toughness (total work) = low Soft wood, with surfaces denting easily Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Moderate weight Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = very low Betts, H.S.,1945,American Woods - Red Pine,USDA, Forest Service American WoodsBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonConstantine, Jr., A.J. 1975. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonForest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchFuster Riera, P.,1947,Primera Contribucion al Conocimiento de las Maderas de la Guinea,Continental Espanola. (first contribution to a knowledge of timbers from,Spanish Guinea.,Inst. de Estudios Africanos y de la Direccion General de Marruecos y,Colonias, Madrid,pp250I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mirov, N.T. 1967. The Genus PINUS. The Ronald Press Company, New York. LCC Card No. 67-14783.Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operator's Manual - Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. |
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