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Bastard yellowwood
Bastard yellowwood (Podocarpus gracilior)

Family: Podocarpaceae

Common names: Bastard yellowwood, Ben, Bene, Birbisa, East African podo, East African yellowwood, Falcate yellowwood, Mse, Mse mawe, Mufu, Musangira, Museneka, Musenene, Musengera, Musenuera, Muvengea, Mwavavi, Ol biribiri, Piri pirindi, Podo, Sapta, Saptet, Wiriwiri, Yellow-wood, Zigba

Distributed in: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda (Africa)

Common uses: Beehives, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Concrete formwork, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Model airplanes, Paneling, Plywood, Railroad ties, Tables, Turnery, Vats

Environment profile: Abundant/Secure

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm

Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureFineand the lusterSlightly lustrous

Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera), Susceptible to insect attack

Kiln Schedules: UK=A US=T2D4/T2D3 Fr=1

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries quickly

Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Slight twist/warp

Ease of Drying: Reconditioning Treatement

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on machining is slight

Boring: Moderately easy

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Mortising: Finishes well

Moulding: Good finishing

Movement in Service: Good finishing

Nailing: Holds nails well, Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Very Good to Excellent

Resistance to Impregnation: Heartwood is permeable

Resistance to Splitting: Very Poor

Response to hand tools: Responds Readily

Routing recessing: Satisfactory routing results

Sanding: Fair to Good Results

Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy

Steam bending: Moderate

Screwing: Screwing yields good results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Satisfactory

Painting: Surface Preparation; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Staining (Characteristic) = non-staining; Varnishing: Surface Preparation;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity
Density 528 kg/m3
Bending Strength 445 699 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 264 435 kg/cm2
Hardness 322 kg
Impact Strength 63 cm
Shearing Strength 81 kg/cm2
Stiffness 71 84 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Weight 512 400 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,49 0,7 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 109 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 6340 9945 psi
Density 33 lbs/ft3
Hardness 712 lbs
Impact Strength 25 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 3768 6191 psi
Shearing Strength 1153 psi
Stiffness 1017 1199 1000 psi
Toughness 95 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 7 10 inch-lbs/in3
Weight 32 25 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Tangential Shrinkage 6 %

Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Bending strength (MOR) = low 0
Max. crushing strength = medium 0
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Toughness (total work) = very low
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Max. crushing strength = low
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Work to Maximum Load
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Battiscombe, E., Dale, I.R.,1936,Trees and Shrubs of Kenya Colony,Govt. Printer NairobiBengough, C.C.,1971,Commercial Timbers of Kenya,Ministry of Natural Resources Forest Department, KenyaBois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBryce, J. and Kitambi, G.,1960,The Air-drying Properties of some Tanganyika Timbers Technical Note No 23,Tanganyika Forest Department Utilisation Division Technical NoteBryce, J.M., Norcross, H.,1961,The Resistance of Tanganyika Timbers to Impregnation,Tanzania Forest Dept. Util. Sec .Tech. Note,No.28Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. MoshiChalk, L., et al,1932,Some East African Coniferae and Leguminosae,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 1Dale, I.R., Greenway, P.J.,1961,Kenya Trees and Shrubs,Buchanans Kenya Estates Ltd. Nairobi Hatchards LondonDallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonEggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe UgandaErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentForest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchGrant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest DepartmentHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Kenya Forest Department,1941,Strengths of Kenya timbers,Kenya Forest Department Bulletin No. 36Logan, W.E.M.,1946,An Introduction to the Forests of Central and Southern Ethiopia,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford Paper No.24Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEECPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressSmith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Tack, C.H.,1958,The Strength Properties of some Uganda Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Bulletin No. 5Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Tanzania Forest Department,1960,The Natural Durability of Local Timbers,Tanzanian Forest Dept. Tech. Note,No.14Tanzania Forest Department,1961,The Movement of Timbers Technical Note No.29,Tanzania Forest Department, Utilisation Division Technical NoteTanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. MoshiTanzania Forest Division,1967,The Weights and Shrinkage of some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sect. Technical Note,No.25Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.K. - Colonial Forest Resources Development Department,1939,British Colonial Timbers - Woods recommended for Various Uses,Colonial Forest Resources Development Department,LondonUganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1Uganda Forest Department,1969,The Shrinkage of Some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.47
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