Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)
Family: Salicaeae
Common names: Carolina poplar, Cottonwood, Deltoides-populier, Eastern cottonwood, Eastern poplar, Necklace poplar, Poplar, Southern cottonwood, Whitewood
Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)
Distribution overview: The natural growth range of Eastern cottonwood includes Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan i Canada. In the United States it occurs in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming, North Carolina, Great Smoky Mountain National Park, Iowa, and Illinois. It is found growing in pure stands, or usually with willows on the border of streams and in wet soils in valleys
Common uses: Agricultural implements, Baskets, Bearings & bushings, Beehives, Boxes and crates, Brooders, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Jewelry box, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Matches, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Packing cases, Pallets, Paneling, Particleboard, Piano keys, Pianos , Plain veneer, Plywood, Posts, Poultry coops, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer
Product sources: Eastern cottonwood is available in adequate quantities
Environment profile: Widespread, abundant, and globally secure
Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellowand the sapwoodWhitish, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureUniformand the lusterDull
Natural durability: Very durable, Very little natural resistance
Odor: Seasoned wood has no odor or taste
Silica Content: Siliceous
Kiln Schedules: T8-F4 (8/4)
Drying Defects: Severe collapse and honeycomb, Slight twist/warp
Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult
Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory
Blunting Effect: Moderate
Boring: Moderately easy
Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw
Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Mortising: Poor mortising properties
Moulding: Very poor (an average of 3% yield good )
Movement in Service: Very poor (an average of 3% yield good )
Nailing: Nails hold poorly, Pre-Boring Recommended
Planing: Poor to Very Poor
Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood
Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities
Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Sanding: Very difficult to sand
Veneering qualities: Moderately easy to veneer, Suitable for peeling
Steam bending: Fair/moderate (,50% of pieces are unbroken during steam bending)
Screwing: Screwing yields satisfactory results, Screws hold poorly; Turning: Good results
Painting: Satisfactory; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Finish is generally satisfactory
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- Numerical data Metric
- Numerical data English
- Strength properties
- References
 |
 |
 |
 |
Item |
Green |
Dry |
Metric |
Specific Gravity |
0,28 |
0,44 |
|
Density |
|
416 |
kg/m3 |
Bending Strength |
322 |
581 |
kg/cm2 |
Crushing Strength |
13 |
26 |
kg/cm2 |
Hardness |
|
171 |
kg |
Impact Strength |
53 |
53 |
cm |
Shearing Strength |
|
68 |
kg/cm2 |
Stiffness |
71 |
91 |
1000 kg/cm2 |
Tangential Shrinkage |
9 |
|
% |
Radial Shrinkage |
3 |
|
% |
Weight |
416 |
352 |
kg/m3 |
Maximum Load |
0,42 |
0,49 |
cm-kg/cm3 |
Toughness |
|
|
cm-kg |
Static Bending |
100 |
221 |
kg/cm2 |
|
 |  |  |  | Item | Green | Dry | English | Bending Strength | 4591 | 8273 | psi | Crushing Strength | 196 | 372 | psi | Density | | 26 | lbs/ft3 | Hardness | | 377 | lbs | Impact Strength | 21 | 21 | inches | Maximum Crushing Strength | 2195 | 4460 | psi | Shearing Strength | | 972 | psi | Static Bending | 1436 | 3146 | psi | Stiffness | 1024 | 1299 | 1000 psi | Work to Maximum Load | 6 | 7 | inch-lbs/in3 | Specific Gravity | 0.28 | 0.44 | | Weight | 26 | 22 | lbs/ft3 | Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % | Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | | % | Volumetric Shrinkage | 13 | | % | |
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. 1 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Max. crushing strength = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Bending strength (MOR) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Work to Maximum Load = very low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = very low Weight = moderate Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Low resistance to denting and marring Hardness (side grain) = soft Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKennedy, H.E.,1985,American Woods - Cottonwood,USDA, Forest Service American Woods, FS-231Kline, M. 1986. Populus deltoides - Eastern cottonwood. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 288.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Laidlaw, W.B.R.1960. Guide to British Hardwoods.Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressScott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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