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Eastern Cottonwood
Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)

Family: Salicaeae

Common names: Carolina poplar, Cottonwood, Deltoides-populier, Eastern cottonwood, Eastern poplar, Necklace poplar, Poplar, Southern cottonwood, Whitewood

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: The natural growth range of Eastern cottonwood includes Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan i Canada. In the United States it occurs in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Wyoming, North Carolina, Great Smoky Mountain National Park, Iowa, and Illinois. It is found growing in pure stands, or usually with willows on the border of streams and in wet soils in valleys

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Baskets, Bearings & bushings, Beehives, Boxes and crates, Brooders, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Jewelry box, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Matches, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Packing cases, Pallets, Paneling, Particleboard, Piano keys, Pianos , Plain veneer, Plywood, Posts, Poultry coops, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer

Product sources: Eastern cottonwood is available in adequate quantities

Environment profile: Widespread, abundant, and globally secure

Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m

Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellowand the sapwoodWhitish, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureUniformand the lusterDull

Natural durability: Very durable, Very little natural resistance

Odor: Seasoned wood has no odor or taste

Silica Content: Siliceous

Kiln Schedules: T8-F4 (8/4)

Drying Defects: Severe collapse and honeycomb, Slight twist/warp

Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory

Blunting Effect: Moderate

Boring: Moderately easy

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw

Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Mortising: Poor mortising properties

Moulding: Very poor (an average of 3% yield good )

Movement in Service: Very poor (an average of 3% yield good )

Nailing: Nails hold poorly, Pre-Boring Recommended

Planing: Poor to Very Poor

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities

Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Sanding: Very difficult to sand

Veneering qualities: Moderately easy to veneer, Suitable for peeling

Steam bending: Fair/moderate (,50% of pieces are unbroken during steam bending)

Screwing: Screwing yields satisfactory results, Screws hold poorly; Turning: Good results

Painting: Satisfactory; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Finish is generally satisfactory ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,28 0,44
Density 416 kg/m3
Bending Strength 322 581 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 13 26 kg/cm2
Hardness 171 kg
Impact Strength 53 53 cm
Shearing Strength 68 kg/cm2
Stiffness 71 91 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight 416 352 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,42 0,49 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending 100 221 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 4591 8273 psi
Crushing Strength 196 372 psi
Density 26 lbs/ft3
Hardness 377 lbs
Impact Strength 21 21 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2195 4460 psi
Shearing Strength 972 psi
Static Bending 1436 3146 psi
Stiffness 1024 1299 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 6 7 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.28 0.44
Weight 26 22 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 13 %

Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. 1
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Max. crushing strength = low
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Work to Maximum Load = very low
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = very low
Weight = moderate
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low
Low resistance to denting and marring
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKennedy, H.E.,1985,American Woods - Cottonwood,USDA, Forest Service American Woods, FS-231Kline, M. 1986. Populus deltoides - Eastern cottonwood. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 288.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Laidlaw, W.B.R.1960. Guide to British Hardwoods.Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressScott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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