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Black Cottonwood
Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)

Family: Salicaeae

Common names: Balm cottonwood, Black cottonwood, Cottonwood, Poplar, Western balsam poplar

Distributed in: United States (North America)

Distribution overview: Distributed from latitude 62 degrees N in south Alaska, southward to southern California and eastward in the mountains to extreme south-weatern Alberta and Montana. It is also reported to grow locally in south-western North Dakota and northern Baja California. Black cottonwood often occurs in pure stands, and in association with willows, Red alder, Oregon ash, Bigleaf maple, Douglas-fir, Western red cedar, Western hemlock, Sitka spruce, Grand fir, Birch, Cherry, and hawthorn. It prefers moist to wet soils of valleys, mainly on stream banks and flood plains. It may also be found on upland slopes. The largest concentration of Black cottonwood tress is found in the satae of Washington, where it is ranked third in total volume behind Red alder (Anus rubra) and Bigleaf maple (Acer macrophylla). also grown in Great Britain, where it is considered as the fastest growing balsam tree.

Common uses: Baskets, Boxes and crates, Brooders, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Hatracks, Jewelry box, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Musical instruments , Office furniture, Organ pipes, Packing cases, Pallets, Piano keys, Pianos , Plain veneer, Poultry coops, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Veneer

Environment profile: Widespread, abundant, and globally secure

Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m Black cottonwood is reported to reach maturity as early as 60 years and will survive for at least 200 years.

Colors: the heart isOccasionally dark streaks , Redand the sapwoodSapwood blends into heartwood , Whitish.The grain isStraight, the textureUniformand the lusterHigh

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very little natural resistance

Odor: No distinctive taste

Silica Content: Siliceous

Kiln Schedules: T8-F4 (8/4)

Drying Defects: Expect moderate degrade from water pockets., Moderate collapse and honeycombing

Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult

Blunting Effect: Slight

Boring: Variable results of size and smoothness

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Gum-Up

Gluing: Excellent gluing properties

Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Nailing: Excellent resistance to splitting in nailing operations , Holds satisfactorily

Planing: Very poor machining properties

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Response to hand tools: Responds Readily

Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Sanding: Poor results

Steam bending: Poor

Screwing: Good screwing properties, Screws hold well.; Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Painting: Satisfactory Black cottonwood is generally painted instead of clear-coating or staining when finishing is required;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,29 0,32
Density kg/m3
Bending Strength 337 585 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 11 20 kg/cm2
Hardness 155 kg
Impact Strength 50 55 cm
Shearing Strength 71 kg/cm2
Stiffness 74 87 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 400 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,35 0,49 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 4802 8330 psi
Crushing Strength 157 294 psi
Hardness 343 lbs
Impact Strength 20 22 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2156 4410 psi
Shearing Strength 1019 psi
Stiffness 1058 1245 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 5 7 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.29 0.32
Weight 25 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 12 %

Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Low resistance to denting and marring
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = low

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Laidlaw, W.B.R.1960. Guide to British Hardwoods.Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Niemiec, S.S., G.A. Ahrens, S. Willits, and D.E. Hibbs. March, 1995. Hardwoods of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University, College of Forestry,Research Contribution 8, Forest Research Laboratory, Department of Forest Products, Corvallis, Oregon.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Western Wood Products Association.19__.Woods of the Western USA.Published and distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.
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