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European oak (Quercus petraea)
Family: Fagaceae Common names: Austrian oak, Bergek, Brown oak, Cucharillo, Durmast, Durmast oak, Encino, Encino negro, English brown oak, English oak, European oak, French oak, Mamecillo, Pedunculate oak, Polish oak, Roblecito, Sessile oak, Slavonian oak, Volhynian oak, Yugoslavian oak Distributed in: Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia (Africa, Eastern Europe, Western Europe) Distribution overview: European oak is native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, and is more abundant in France, Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Baltic countries. It is the most common forest tree in Great Britain, especially Wales, and is found in pure stands and mixed forests, where it is often the dominant species. also reported to have naturalized locally in south-eastern Canada and north-eastern United States, and is planted in the south-eastern and Pacific states. The tree is cultivated in moist soils, and is found along roadsides and forest edges. Common uses: Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Foundation posts, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Lock gates, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shakes, Sheathing, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels Product sources: Supplies of the brown variety of European oak is limited since it is in high demand for special uses and effects. Price is in the high range when it is imported into the US. Oaks native to the United States are usually substituted for the common type of English oak since they have the same uses. Environment profile: Status has not been officially assessed
Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isYellow to golden-yellow to orange, Yellowish brownand the sapwoodWell defined, White.The grain isStriped figure, the textureFineand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: US=T3-C2/T1-C1 Drying Defects: Splitting, Warping can be expected Ease of Drying: Dries very slowly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight
Comments: English brown oak is the product of trees that have been stained brown by the beef-steak fungus (Fistulina hepatica ). Seasoning the wood is reported to kill the fungus. This variety of English oak is highly desired as a decorative wood for paneling and joinery.General finishing qualities are rated as good The wood is described as acidic and may cause corrosion in some metals, such as iron and steel, which come in contact with it. Vapors from wood in the green condition may also be very corrosive. Blunting Effect: Moderate effect Cutting Resistance: Satisfactory sawing properties Gluing: Moderate gluing properties Moulding: Good finishing Movement in Service: Good finishing Nailing: Possible if prebored, Pre-boring recommended Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Veneering qualities: Easy to cut, Suitable for peeling Steam bending: Very good
Screwing: Pre-boring recommended, Screwing yields good results; Turning: Responds satisfactorily
Wood working properties are reported to vary with density
Painting: Good; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Reacts with Iron to discolour wood; Varnishing: Well defined ;
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 1 Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low High in density Heavy Hardness = medium Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Crushing strength = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = high Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonConstantine, Jr. A.J. 1975. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOFindlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PPForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentHMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough,Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. HarperCollins Publishers, London.Kline, M. 1982. Quercus robur - English oak. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 307-308.Kukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Laidlaw, W.B.R.1960. Guide to British Hardwoods.Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lincoln, W.A. 1986.World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc, Fresno, CaliforniaLittle, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonRijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic PublishersSmith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADAThomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. |
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