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European oak (Quercus robur)
Family: Fagaceae Common names: Austrian oak, Chene, Common English oak, Eiche, Eik, English oak, European oak, European white oak, French oak, Penduculate, Pendunculate oak, Polish oak, Quercia, Rovere, Skogsek, Slavonian oak, Valhynian oak, Yugoslavian oak Distributed in: Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Slovakia, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia (Africa, Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Sea Region, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe) Distribution overview: European oak is native to Europe, N. Africa, and W. Asia. It is more abundant in France, Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Baltic countries. European oak is the most common forest tree in Great Britain, especially Wales. It is found in pure stands, and in mixed forests where it is often the dominant species. The species has also naturalized locally in southeastern Canada and northeastern United States, and is also planted in the southeastern and Pacific states. The tree is cultivated in moist soils, and is usually found along roadsides and on the edge of forests. Common uses: Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Foundation posts, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Lock gates, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Pallets, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Posts, Railroad ties, Sills, Tables, Truck bodies, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels Product sources: Supplies of the brown variety of European oak is limited since it is in high demand for special uses and effects. Price is in the high range when it is imported into the US. Oaks native to the United States are usually substituted for the common type of English oak since they have the same uses. Availability in long lengths, wide boards and in the form of veneers is variable on the European market. Prices are in the medium to expensive range. Environment profile: Status has not been officially assessed
Tree size:
Forest grown trees are reported to produce straight, clear boles that are sometimes up to 50 feet (15 m) in length.
Colors: the heart isYellow to golden-yellow to orange, Yellowish brownand the sapwoodWell defined, White.The grain isStriped figure, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles, Very durable Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: US=T3-C2/T1-C1 Drying Defects: Slight end splitting, Warping can be expected Ease of Drying: Shrinkage is high Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight
Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good The wood is described as acidic and may cause corrosion in some metals, such as iron and steel, which come in contact with it. Vapors from green material may also be very corrosive. Blunting Effect: Moderate effect Boring: Fairly easy to very easy
Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance: Satisfactory sawing properties Gluing: Good properties Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding: Good finishing Movement in Service: Good finishing Nailing: Possible if prebored, Pre-boring recommended Planing: Planes to a poor finish Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Sanding: Very Good to Excellent Results Veneering qualities: Moderately easy to veneer, No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Steam bending: Very good
Screwing: Requires pre-boring , Screwing yields good results; Turning: Responds satisfactorily
Painting: Good; Polishing: High finish; Staining: Reacts with Iron to discolour wood; Varnishing: Well defined ;
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = large Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Max. crushing strength = low Heavy Fairly hard Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Dense Crushing strength = high Bending strength (MOR) = high English brown oak is the product of trees that have been stained brown by the beef-steak fungus (Fistulina hepatica ). Seasoning the wood is reported to kill the fungus. This variety of English oak is highly desired as a decorative wood for paneling and joinery. Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Brazier, J.D., Franklin, G.L.,1967,An Appraisal of the Wood Characteristics and Potential Uses of some,Nicaraguan Timbers,FAO for Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughBritish Woodworking Federation. 1995. Which Wood . Published by the British Woodworking Federation, Broadway House, Tothill Street, London.Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBurgess, H.J.,1956,The timbers of Keledang and Terap,Malayan Forester 19(1) pp36-40Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonConstantine, Jr. A.J. 1975. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOFindlay, W.P.K.,1938,The Natural Resistance to Decay of some Empire Timbers,Empire Forestry Journal,17,pp249 - 259Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PPForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough,Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. HarperCollins Publishers, London.Kline, M. 1982. Quercus robur - English oak. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 307-308.Kukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Laidlaw, W.B.R.1960. Guide to British Hardwoods.Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lincoln, W.A. 1986.World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc, Fresno, CaliforniaLittle, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonRijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic PublishersSmith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonT.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADAThomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. |
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