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Northern red oakNorthern red oakNorthern red oakNorthern red oakNorthern red oakNorthern red oak
Northern red oak (Quercus rubra)

Family: Fagaceae

Common names: American red oak, Black oak, Canadian red oak, Gray oak, Northern red oak, Red oak, Southern red oak

Distributed in: Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Iran, Slovakia, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia (Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Sea Region, North America, Western Europe)

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Cooperages, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Living-room suites, Millwork, Mine timbers, Musical instruments , Office furniture, Organ pipes, Parquet flooring, Piano keys, Pianos , Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Vehicle parts, Veneer

Product sources: Northern red oak (Q. rubra) and southern red oak (Q. falcata) are the primary sources of commercial American red oak, but their timber is often mixed and marketed together with that produced by other members in the red oak group without distinction. Supplies of red oak are plentiful, and the species is considered to be one of the most commonly available domestic hardwoods in the US. Oak in general, and particularly red oak, is the most popular timber for furniture, followed by cherry, pine, mahogany, ash, pecan, hard maple, and walnut.Red oak is also a popular export to other countries, and is one of the most popular American oaks used in Europe.

Environment profile: Rank of relative endangerment based on number of occurences globally.

Tree size: Tree height is 10-20 m

Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Whitish to grayish brown .The grain isStraight, the textureUniform

Natural durability: Non durable, Perishable

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: US=Upland T4-D2/T3-D1

Drying Defects: Ring failure, Slight surface checking

Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care

Blunting Effect: Moderate dulling effect on cutting edges

Boring: Fairly difficult to very difficult

Carving: Very Good to Excellent Results

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties

Mortising: Responds readily to mortising

Moulding: Very poor (25+% of pieces will yield good to excellent )

Movement in Service: Very poor (25+% of pieces will yield good to excellent )

Nailing: Pre-boring required, Wood is heavy and hard

Planing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Response to hand tools: Works well with hand tools

Routing recessing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Sanding: Yields clean surfaces

Veneering qualities: There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits, Veneers easily

Steam bending: Very good

Screwing: Pre-boring recommended, Screwing yields good results; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results

Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,56 0,62
Density 689 kg/m3
Bending Strength 609 965 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 47 78 kg/cm2
Hardness 522 kg
Impact Strength 134 119 cm
Shearing Strength 122 kg/cm2
Stiffness 100 119 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight 753 673 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,91 1,05 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 541 cm-kg
Static Bending 289 571 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 8672 13730 psi
Crushing Strength 681 1117 psi
Density 43 lbs/ft3
Hardness 1152 lbs
Impact Strength 53 47 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 3933 6804 psi
Shearing Strength 1738 psi
Static Bending 4116 8134 psi
Stiffness 1430 1701 1000 psi
Toughness 470 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 13 15 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.56 0.62
Weight 47 42 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 13 %

Weight = high
Hardness = medium
Crushing strength = high
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Anatomical differences which correspond to important botanical differences in the trees allow oaks to be separated into two main classes, red and white. Red oaks are found mainly in eastern Canada and the United States. They are made up of several very similar species which include American red oak or Northern red oak (Q. rubra ); Southern red oak (Q. falcata ); Spanish oak, Swamp red oak, or Cherrybark oak (also Q. falcata ); Shumard oak or Pin oak (Q. palustris ); Nuttal oak (Q. nuttallii ); Scarlet oak (Q. coccinea ); Canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis ); and sometimes Black oak (Q. velutina ). Red oak is regarded as one of the most beautiful woods to work with because of its grain pattern and character. Smaller rays give the timber a plainer figure than white oak, and its open pores make it less water-tight. Red oak is comparable to white oak in strength, and both are used in steam bending applications. Red oak is, however, less decay resistant than white oak or European oak. Also, red oak acorns are more bitter in taste than white oak acorns.

Arno, J. 1988. Quercus rubra - Northern red oak. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 309-310.Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACalifornia Department of Forestry.Comparative Physical & Mechanical Properties of Western & Eastern Hardwoods.Prepared by Forest Products Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California.n/d.Canadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOHMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, BuckinghamshireI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kaiser, J.Wood of the Month:Red Oak - A Plentiful Species.Wood & Wood Products, December, 1992.Page 50.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionNWFA.1994.Wood Species Used in Wood Flooring.Technical Publication No. A200.National Wood Flooring Association, Manchester, MO.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Record, S.J. and R.W. Hess. 1943. Timbers of the New World. Published on the Charles Lathrop Pack Foundation, Yale University Press, New Haven CT.Rijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic PublishersStone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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