Asiatic mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata)
Family: Rhizophoraceae
Common names: Asiatic mangrove, Asiatische mangrove, Asiatisk mangrove, Aziatische mangrove, Bakad, Bakau, Bakau minyak, Bakau miyak, Bakauan, Bakauan-babai, Bakauan-lalaki, Bakhao, Bako, Balbaro, Bangkau, Bangkita, Bangko, Bankao, Bhora, Boise, Buayohon, Goi, Haura, Jangar, Jangkar, Jangtang, Kandal, Kang kang rhi, Karuh, Kawoka, Kaya kandal, Khamo, Kong kang, Krokot, Muntu, Paga-paga, Paletuvier d'Asie, Pang ka bai lak, Pang ka bai lek, Pang ka sai, Pang ka say, Pariccha kandal, Payonapo, Pyu, Rai, Red mangrove, Rizofora de Asia, Rizoforea dell'Asia, Sagasa, Salak-salak, Saro, Tancang, Tanjang, Tongke, Tumu, Tumus, Uakatan, Wapin
Distributed in: Australia, Brunei, Burma, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu (Oceania and S.E. Asia)
Distribution overview: The species occurs in south and south eastern Africa, especially in Mozambique.
Common uses: Boat building (general), Charcoal, Decks, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Piling, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Tool handles, Vats, Vehicle parts
Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodDifferent than heartwood, White to yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureMediumand the lusterLustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very durable
Drying Defects: Moderate twist/warp, Severe surface checking
Ease of Drying: Difficult
Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight
Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good
Boring: Easy
Cutting Resistance: Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy
Gluing: Moderate gluing properties
Mortising: Finishes well
Nailing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Planing: Planes well, to a good finish
Resistance to Impregnation: Heartwood is resistant
Response to hand tools: Easy to machine
Sanding: Good sanding finish
Turning: Good results
Polishing: Satisfactory;
- Numerical data Metric
- Numerical data English
- Strength properties
- References
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Item |
Green |
Dry |
Metric |
Specific Gravity |
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Density |
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897 |
kg/m3 |
Bending Strength |
954 |
1473 |
kg/cm2 |
Crushing Strength |
611 |
845 |
kg/cm2 |
Hardness |
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1333 |
kg |
Impact Strength |
|
137 |
cm |
Shearing Strength |
|
186 |
kg/cm2 |
Stiffness |
175 |
204 |
1000 kg/cm2 |
Tangential Shrinkage |
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% |
Radial Shrinkage |
4 |
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% |
Weight |
881 |
721 |
kg/m3 |
Maximum Load |
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cm-kg/cm3 |
Toughness |
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cm-kg |
Static Bending |
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kg/cm2 |
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| | | | Item | Green | Dry | English | Bending Strength | 13576 | 20956 | psi | Density | | 56 | lbs/ft3 | Hardness | | 2940 | lbs | Impact Strength | | 54 | inches | Maximum Crushing Strength | 8692 | 12028 | psi | Shearing Strength | | 2652 | psi | Stiffness | 2496 | 2907 | 1000 psi | Weight | 55 | 45 | lbs/ft3 | Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % | Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | | % | |
Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Hardness (side grain) = very hard Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Max. crushing strength = very high Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu.ft Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Max. crushing strength = high Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact strength) = high Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high
Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government PressBrowne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, SarawakBurgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaKeating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kingston, R.S.T., Risdon, C.J.E.,1961,Shrinkage and Density of Australian and other South-West Pacific Woods,C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No.13Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210Ng, F.S.P. (Ed,1989,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 4,Forest Research Institute Malaysia Ministry of Primary IndustriesRamesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7Rollet, B.,1972,La vegetation du Cambodge,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.144 pp3-15Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia
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