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Willow
Willow (Salix alba)

Family: Salicaceae

Common names: Black willow, Common willow, Cricket bat willow, Dudley willow, Goodding willow, Huntingdon willow, Pil, Sauce, Saule, Sauz, Southwestern black willow, Swamp willow, Vitpil, Weide, Western black willow, White willow, Wilg, Willow

Distributed in: Switzerland, United Kingdom (Africa, Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Sea Region, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe)

Distribution overview: Native to Europe, northern Africa, and central Asia, but is naturalized in southeastern Canada and eastern United States. The tree usually grows near cities in wet soils of stream banks and valleys.

Common uses: Artificial limbs, Baskets, Bearings & bushings, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Casks, Charcoal, Cooperages, Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Figured veneer, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Interior construction, Marquetry, Packing cases, Paneling , Pulp/Paper products, Sporting Goods, Toys, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wainscotting

Environment profile: Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions.

Tree size: Some trees are grown for cricket bats and these are harvested when they attain a diameter of about 18 inches (50 cm).

Colors: the heart isWhite pinkish , White to creamand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Whitish.The grain isStraight, the textureFine

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7

Drying Defects: Water pockets

Ease of Drying: Moisture content should be monitored to insure uniformity

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Slight bluting effect on cutting tools

Boring: Easy, especially when cutters are kept very sharp

Carving: The operation requires sharp cutting edges for best results

Cutting Resistance: Low resistance

Gluing: Excellent gluing properties

Mortising: To prevent rough surfaces, sharp cutting edges are required in most machining operations, including mortising

Moulding: The timber responds well to ordinary tools in moulding operations, with very good

Movement in Service: The timber responds well to ordinary tools in moulding operations, with very good

Nailing: Good nailing properties

Planing: Requires sharp cutting edges to prevent fuzzy surfaces

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is treatable

Response to hand tools: Easy to machine Response to hand tools, with sharp cutting edges, is very good.

Routing recessing: The material responds readily to sharp cutting edges to yield good results in routing operations

Sanding: Good characteristics

Veneering qualities: Easy to cut, No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting

Steam bending: Poor

Screwing: Good screwing properties ; Turning: Sharp cutting edges necessary to prevent woolly surfaces

Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Finish is generally satisfactory ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,34 0,38
Density 400 kg/m3
Bending Strength 326 573 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 143 274 kg/cm2
Hardness 257 kg
Impact Strength 93 78 cm
Shearing Strength 80 kg/cm2
Stiffness 66 79 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage %
Weight kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,56 0,84 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 255 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 4643 8153 psi
Density 25 lbs/ft3
Hardness 568 lbs
Impact Strength 37 31 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2036 3898 psi
Shearing Strength 1138 psi
Stiffness 952 1125 1000 psi
Toughness 222 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 8 12 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.34 0.38
Weight 25 25 lbs/ft3

Max. crushing strength = low 1
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Toughness (total work) = medium
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = very low
Weight and density are about average
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Toughness (total work) = low
Surfaces may dent easily
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Air-Dried condition about 12% moisture content

Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSOHMSO.1981.Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition.Revised by R. H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingLavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Scott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30T.D.A.,1942,Timber Leaflet - No.67 Willow,TRADA Timber LeafletT.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADAWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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