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Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba)
Family: Rubiaceae Common names: Aparabire, Arsanatega, Arsantega, Atta vanji, Attu tek, Attu-teak, Bance pute, Bangkal, Bol-kadam, Cadamb, Cadamba, Chakka, Embul-bakmi, Entipong, Galupai, Galupai bengkal, Gao, Gumpayan, Hanja, Harapean, Heltega, Ilan, Jabon, Jabun, Johan, Kaatoan, Kaatoan bangkal, Kadaga, Kadam, Kadambe, Kadambo, Kadda vailu, Kadwal, Kalampain, Kalempayan, Kelampah, Kelampai, Kelampaian, Kelampayan, Kelampayon, Kelampeyan, Kelapan, Kelempajan, Kelempi, Kiuna, Klampeyan, Kodavara, Kodum, Kola ayila, Kurambo, Labula, Lampaian, Laran, Limpoh, Loeraa, Ludai, Ma-u, Ma-uguagdon, Ma-uguangdon, Ma-ukadon, Maoo, Masarambi, Mau-lettan-she, Mugawe, Nhyu, Pandur, Pedda-soko, Pekaung, Pelapain, Phuya, Pontua, Roghu, Rudrak-shamba, Sanko, Sanyepang, Selepaian, Selimpoh, Sempayan, Sencari, Serebunaik, Suge manai, Sugi manai, Taloh, Tawa telan, Toa, Tuak, Tuneh, Tuwak, Vella cadamba, Vellei kadambu, Ye-ma-u Distributed in: Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, Fiji [Polynesia], India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico [US], Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Thailand, Vietnam (Africa, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: Widely distributed from India to the Malayan Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, and Australia. Grows best on deep, moist, alluvial sites, often in secondary forests along riverbanks. A favored plantation species inside and outside its native region. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Artificial limbs, Balusters, Baskets, Beams, Beehives, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Casks, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Concrete formwork, Construction, Decks, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Drawer sides, Drawing boards, Factory construction, Fine furniture, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling, Particleboard, Pencil, Planks, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Structural plywood, Structural work, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Utility furniture, Utility plywood, Veneer, Wardrobes Environment profile: Generally secure within its natural habitat Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow - light , Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite with a yellowish tinge , Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureUniformand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very little natural resistance to decay in ground contact Odor: No specific smell or taste
LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Seasons fairly rapidly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as poor Blunting Effect: Slight blunting effect on cutting tools Boring: Side grain fuzziness can be minimized by keeping tool bits very sharp Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance: Responds readily to sawing Gluing: Good gluing properties Mortising: Very Good to Excellent Nailing: Holds nails well, Very Good to Excellent Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Very easy to treat using either open tank or pressure-vacuum systems Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Responds well to hand tools Routing recessing: Very Good to Excellent Results Sanding: Very Good to Excellent Results Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Poor to Very Poor Results
Screwing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results
Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Takes stains readily and well ; Varnishing: Good varnishing properties ;
Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Shrinkage, Radial = very small 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = small 1 Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Max. crushing strength = low Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Surfaces may dent easily Soft Mars easily Does not wear well Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Average weight Average density Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage Volumetric = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium It compares favorably with Teak, which also has high bending strength. Compression strength parallel to grain, or maximum crushing strength, is medium. It is lower in this property than Teak Alston, A.S.,1982,Timbers of Fiji: Properties and potential uses,Fiji Forestry Department, SuvaBolza, E. and N. H. Kloot.1966.The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers.Technological Paper No. 41.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, and E.M. Wengert. 1988.Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods - Temperate and Tropical.United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government PressBrowne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, SarawakBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 8 Australasia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBurgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6Chinte, F.O.,1971,Silvicultural Studies of Four Pulpwood Species,Philippine Lumberman 17(5) pp8-26Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Da Costa, E.W.B., Osborne, L.D.,1967,Comparative decay resistance of 26 New Guinea timber species in,accelerated laboratory tests,Comm. Forestry Review 46(1) pp63-74Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea.Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaEscolano, J.O., Palmer, E.R.,1968,The Evaluation of Anthocephalus eadamba for Dissolving Pulp,Trop. Prod. Inst. Report L13Fiji Forestry Department,1981,The Properties and Uses of 43 Indigenous and Exotic Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Fiji Timbers and their Uses No.71Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1973,Report on a consignment of Laran (Anthocephalus chinensis) from Sabah,P.R.L. consignment No.1579,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Report on Overseas,Timbers No.19Fox, J.E.D.,1971,Anthocephalus chinerisis, the Laran Tree of Sabah,Economic Botany 25(3) pp221-33Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. LondonGrijpma, P.,1967,Anthocephalus cadamba, a versatile fast growing industrial tree species,for the Tropics,Turrialba 17(3) pp321-29Gua, B.E.,1988,Observation on timber samples of eighteen research and plantation species,Forest Research Note, Solomon Islands Forestry Division Number 53 21/88Haslett, A.N.; Young, G.D. and Britton, R.A.J.,1991,Plantation grown Tropical Timbers. 2. Properties, Processing and Uses,Journal of Tropical Forest Science 3(3):229-237Hearne, D.A.,1975,Trees for Darwin and Northern Australia,Australian Government Publishing Service, CanberraI. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993Kartasujana, I., Martawijaya, A.,1973,Commercial Woods of Indonesia,Forest Products Research Institute, Department Pertanian, Bogor Indonesia,Report No.3Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Keith, H.G.,1947,The Timbers of North Borneo,Government Colony of North Borneo, North Borneo Forest Record No.3Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza.1961.Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia.Technological Paper No. 12.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B. 1966. The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Lumberman, 12(5):A-H.Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1956. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 4. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi.Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Malaysian Timber Industry Board,1986,100 Malaysian Timbers,The Malaysian Timber Industry BoardManzo, P.M., Et al,1971,Kaatoan Bangkal (Anthocephalus chinensis Lamk) (Rich ex Walp) for Veneer,and Plywood Manufacture,Philippine Lumberman 17(4) pp30-2Mohammed Mohiuddin,1990,Wood Anatomy of six low density Hardwoods (Alstonia scholaris,,Anthocephalus chinensis, Bombax ceiba, Bombax insigne, Excoecaria,agallocha and Trewia nudiflora) of Bangladesh,Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bulletin 9 Wood Anatomy,SeriesNazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9Ng, F.S.P. (Ed,1989,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 4,Forest Research Institute Malaysia Ministry of Primary IndustriesOsborne, L.D.,1970,Decay resistance of South-West Pacific rain forest timbers,C.S.I.R.O.,Div. for Prod., Tech. paper No.56Papua New Guinea Department of Forests,1972,New Horizons,Forestry in Papua New Guinea,Jacaranda Press PTY Ltd, BrisbanePearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsPurkayastha, S.K.,1982,Indian woods: Their identifications, properties and uses, Vol. IV,Myrlacene to Symploceae,Controller of Publications, New DelhiSarawak Forest Department,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Forest Department, Sarawak Leaflet No.13Sekhar, A. C., Bhatia, D. N. 1957. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Woods Tested at the Forest Research Institute. Indian Forest Records, Timber Mechanics Branch,Volume 1, No. 9, Dehra Dun, IndiaSekhar, A.C., Bhatia, D.N.,1957,Physical and Mechanical Properties of Woods Tested at Forest Research,Institute. Report VIII,Indian Forest Records (n.s) Timber Mechanics 1(9) pp155-62Sekhar, A.C.,1967,Some Indian Timbers Equivalent to Foreign Timbers,Van Vigyan 5(1&2,pp18-24Sono, P.,1974,Merchantable Timbers of Thailand.,Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok,,Thailand.Stokes, W., Stelmack, C.,1974,Kiln drying schedules of Papua New Guinea Timber species, Dept. of Forests,Forest Products Research Centre, Port Moresby, P.N.G.Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-IndonesiaTamolang, F.R. and Rocafort, J.E.,1987,Physico-Mechanical Properties and Possible Uses of Eleven Plantation-Grown,Timber Species in the Philippines,FPRDI-Journal 16:1-2,75-85Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6Tsumoto, T., Karasawa, H.,1975,The Properties of Tropical Woods 21,Government of Japan Forest Experimental Station Bulletin,No.227WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Yoji Kikata (ed.,1991,The promotion of Lesser-known Species and Plantation-grown species,Proceedings of the International Forest Products Workshop, 14 to 15,October, 1991, Nagoya University, Japan |
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