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Crack Willow
Crack Willow (Salix fragilis)

Family: Salicaceae

Common names: Crack willow, Sauce, Skorpil, Willow

Distributed in: Switzerland, United Kingdom (Eastern Europe, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe)

Distribution overview: Crack willow is native to Europe and western Asia, but has naturalized in North America, from Newfoundland to Virginia, west to Kansas, and north to North Dakota. It is usually found on roadsides, along streams and in clearings. It prefers moist soils.

Common uses: Artificial limbsBasketsBoxes and cratesCharcoalCooperagesDecorative veneerFlooringFlooring: industrial heavy trafficInterior trimMarquetryPaneling PlywoodToys

Environment profile: Rather secure within its natural growth range

Tree size: Tree height is 30-40 m

Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Whitish.The grain isStraight, the textureMedium

Natural durability: Perishable, Perishable

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly

Drying Defects: Distortion, Water pockets

Ease of Drying: Slowly

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Slight bluting effect on cutting tools

Boring: Easy, especially when cutters are kept very sharp

Carving: The operation requires sharp cutting edges for best results

Cutting Resistance: May split severly

Gluing: Excellent gluing properties

Mortising: To prevent rough surfaces, sharp cutting edges are required in most machining operations, including mortising

Moulding: The timber responds well to ordinary tools with sharp cutting edges in moulding operations, with very good

Movement in Service: The timber responds well to ordinary tools with sharp cutting edges in moulding operations, with very good

Nailing: Good nailing properties

Planing: Requires sharp cutting edges to prevent fuzzy surfaces

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is treatable

Response to hand tools: Easy to machine

Routing recessing: The material responds readily to sharp cutting edges to yield good results in routing operations

Sanding: Good characteristics

Steam bending: Poor

Screwing: Good screwing properties ; Turning: Sharp cutting edges necessary to prevent woolly surfaces

Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Finish is generally satisfactory ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,34 0,38
Density 432 kg/m3
Bending Strength 389 661 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 132 248 kg/cm2
Hardness 288 kg
Impact Strength 83 81 cm
Shearing Strength 69 kg/cm2
Stiffness 66 80 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage %
Weight kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,56 0,84 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 255 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 5540 9405 psi
Density 27 lbs/ft3
Hardness 637 lbs
Impact Strength 33 32 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 1882 3534 psi
Shearing Strength 982 psi
Stiffness 952 1152 1000 psi
Toughness 222 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 8 12 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.34 0.38
Weight 26 25 lbs/ft3

Max. crushing strength = low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Toughness (total work) = medium
Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low
Weight = medium
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Toughness (total work) = low
Surfaces may dent or scratch easily
Not hard
Density = medium
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Air-Dried condition about 12% moisture content

Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSOHMSO.1981.Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition.Revised by R. H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Laidlaw, W.B.R.1960. Guide to British Hardwoods.Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Little, E.L. 1980. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30T.D.A.,1942,Timber Leaflet - No.67 Willow,TRADA Timber LeafletWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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