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Black willow
Black willow (Salix nigra)

Family: Salicaceae

Common names: Black willow, Dudley willow, Goodding willow, Sauce, Saule, Sauz, Southwestern black willow, Swamp willow, Weide, Western black willow, Wilg, Willow

Distributed in: United States (North America)

Distribution overview: This species occurs in New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Great Smoky Mountain National Park, Iowa, Illinois, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, and West Virginia. It often occurs in pure stands and with cottonwoods, and prefers wet soils of banks of streams and lakes, particularly flood plains.

Product sources: Black willow is available in large quantities on the commercial market.

Environment profile: Rank of relative endangerment based on number of occurences globally.

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isRed, Whiteand the sapwoodWhite, Yellow.The grain isSomewhat interlocked , the textureUniform

Natural durability: Perishable, Susceptible to insect attack

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: US=T10F4/T8F3

Drying Defects: Warping can be expected, Water pockets

Ease of Drying: Tends to retain pockets of moisture

Comments: Black willow is one of the largest and most important New World willows, and is distributed extensively across the United States

Carving: Resistant to checking after seasoning

Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw

Gluing: Good properties

Nailing: Fair to Good , Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Requires sharp cutting edges to prevent fuzzy surfaces

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Response to hand tools: Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work

Sanding: Good characteristics

Screwing: Good screw holding properties, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Sharp cutting edges necessary to prevent woolly surfaces

Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Stains easily ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,35 0,37
Density kg/m3
Bending Strength 330 537 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 12 29 kg/cm2
Hardness kg
Impact Strength cm
Shearing Strength 86 kg/cm2
Stiffness 54 69 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight 753 400 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,63 0,77 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 4704 7644 psi
Crushing Strength 176 421 psi
Maximum Crushing Strength 1999 4018 psi
Shearing Strength 1225 psi
Stiffness 774 990 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 9 11 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.35 0.37
Weight 47 25 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 14 %

Weight = medium
Max. crushing strength = low
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = low

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Flynn Jr., J.H. 1993. Salix nigra - Black willow. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 319-320.Kaiser, J.1988. Wood of the Month:Willows - The Water-loving Trees.Wood & Wood Products, June, 1988.Page 56.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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