Brown sterculia (Sterculia rhinopetala)
Family: Sterculiaceae
Common names: Abang abuga, Awabima, Awasea, Awraw, Aye, Brown sterculia, Ekko okpon, Enwiwan, False chestnut, Kitiboa ufue, Lotofa, M'kanang, Mfotomfro, N'cannang, N'kanang, Nkanna, Nkannang, Ogiokoko, Oro, Orodo, Otutu, Pokodom, Potorodom, Wawabima, Wawbina
Distributed in: Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo (Africa)
Distribution overview: The species occurs in West Africa, and is found in the drier areas of lowland rain forests from the Ivory Coast to Cameroon.
Common uses: Agricultural implements, Blockboard, Boat building (general), Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Construction, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture components, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Paneling, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Shingles, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Veneer: decorative
Environment profile: Very little or no threat to its survival in the near future
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStriped figure, the textureMedium to very coarse
Natural durability: Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles, Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles
Odor: Slight bitter taste
Kiln Schedules: UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2
Kiln Drying Rate: Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm)
Drying Defects: Shakes may become extended, Slight collapse and honeycomb
Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care
Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight
Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect: Interlocked slightly to moderately
Boring: Surfaces tend to be woolly
Carving: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Cutting Resistance: Tends to saw woolly with a tendency to spring
Gluing: Good gluing characteristics
Mortising: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Moulding: Requires very sharp cutting edges
Movement in Service: Requires very sharp cutting edges
Nailing: Difficult to nail, Possible if prebored
Planing: Sharp cutting edges recommended
Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is moderately resistant
Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work
Routing recessing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Veneering qualities: It is sliced into highly decorative veneers for paneling and interior decoration , There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits
Steam bending: Moderate
Turning: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Stains well;
- Numerical data Metric
- Numerical data English
- Strength properties
- References
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Item |
Green |
Dry |
Metric |
Specific Gravity |
0,63 |
|
|
Density |
|
785 |
kg/m3 |
Bending Strength |
898 |
1418 |
kg/cm2 |
Crushing Strength |
423 |
659 |
kg/cm2 |
Hardness |
|
859 |
kg |
Impact Strength |
88 |
116 |
cm |
Shearing Strength |
|
151 |
kg/cm2 |
Stiffness |
114 |
140 |
1000 kg/cm2 |
Tangential Shrinkage |
|
|
% |
Radial Shrinkage |
6 |
|
% |
Weight |
769 |
769 |
kg/m3 |
Maximum Load |
1,05 |
1,54 |
cm-kg/cm3 |
Toughness |
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|
cm-kg |
Static Bending |
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kg/cm2 |
|
| | | | Item | Green | Dry | English | Bending Strength | 12780 | 20178 | psi | Density | | 49 | lbs/ft3 | Hardness | | 1895 | lbs | Impact Strength | 35 | 46 | inches | Maximum Crushing Strength | 6025 | 9379 | psi | Shearing Strength | | 2160 | psi | Stiffness | 1625 | 2004 | 1000 psi | Work to Maximum Load | 15 | 22 | inch-lbs/in3 | Specific Gravity | 0.63 | | | Weight | 48 | 48 | lbs/ft3 | Radial Shrinkage | 6 | | % | Tangential Shrinkage | 10 | | % | |
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Max. crushing strength = high Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Hardness (side grain) = medium Hardness (side grain) = hard Bending strength (MOR) = very high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Very heavy Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Density = high
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Cox, H.A.,1940,Notes on Empire Timbers,Empire Forestry Journal,19(2, pp242-4Cudjoe, F.S.,1969,A Key to the Family Sterculiaceae in Ghana,Forest Prod. Res. Inst. Ghana Tech. Note, No.7Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1952,Trials of Timber for Plywood Manuf. - Prelim. Report on 6 African Species,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Progress Report,No.17Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFrance - C.T.F.T.,1960,Lotofa (Sterculia rhinopetala,C.T.F.T. Information Technique,No. 31France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFTGhana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la CamerounHMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonJay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Keay, R.W.J., et al,1960,Nigerian Trees Vol.1,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastLavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSpalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionUnwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. LondonWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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