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Brown sterculiaBrown sterculiaBrown sterculia
Brown sterculia (Sterculia rhinopetala)

Family: Sterculiaceae

Common names: Abang abuga, Awabima, Awasea, Awraw, Aye, Brown sterculia, Ekko okpon, Enwiwan, False chestnut, Kitiboa ufue, Lotofa, M'kanang, Mfotomfro, N'cannang, N'kanang, Nkanna, Nkannang, Ogiokoko, Oro, Orodo, Otutu, Pokodom, Potorodom, Wawabima, Wawbina

Distributed in: Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Togo (Africa)

Distribution overview: The species occurs in West Africa, and is found in the drier areas of lowland rain forests from the Ivory Coast to Cameroon.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Blockboard, Boat building (general), Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Construction, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture components, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Paneling, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Shingles, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Veneer: decorative

Environment profile: Very little or no threat to its survival in the near future

Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStriped figure, the textureMedium to very coarse

Natural durability: Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles, Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles

Odor: Slight bitter taste

Kiln Schedules: UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2

Kiln Drying Rate: Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm)

Drying Defects: Shakes may become extended, Slight collapse and honeycomb

Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Interlocked slightly to moderately

Boring: Surfaces tend to be woolly

Carving: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Cutting Resistance: Tends to saw woolly with a tendency to spring

Gluing: Good gluing characteristics

Mortising: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Moulding: Requires very sharp cutting edges

Movement in Service: Requires very sharp cutting edges

Nailing: Difficult to nail, Possible if prebored

Planing: Sharp cutting edges recommended

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is moderately resistant

Resistance to Splitting: Poor

Response to hand tools: Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work

Routing recessing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Veneering qualities: It is sliced into highly decorative veneers for paneling and interior decoration , There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits

Steam bending: Moderate

Turning: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Stains well;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,63
Density 785 kg/m3
Bending Strength 898 1418 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 423 659 kg/cm2
Hardness 859 kg
Impact Strength 88 116 cm
Shearing Strength 151 kg/cm2
Stiffness 114 140 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage 6 %
Weight 769 769 kg/m3
Maximum Load 1,05 1,54 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 12780 20178 psi
Density 49 lbs/ft3
Hardness 1895 lbs
Impact Strength 35 46 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 6025 9379 psi
Shearing Strength 2160 psi
Stiffness 1625 2004 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 15 22 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.63
Weight 48 48 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 6 %
Tangential Shrinkage 10 %

Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Max. crushing strength = high
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Hardness (side grain) = hard
Bending strength (MOR) = very high
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Very heavy
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Density = high

Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Cox, H.A.,1940,Notes on Empire Timbers,Empire Forestry Journal,19(2, pp242-4Cudjoe, F.S.,1969,A Key to the Family Sterculiaceae in Ghana,Forest Prod. Res. Inst. Ghana Tech. Note, No.7Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1952,Trials of Timber for Plywood Manuf. - Prelim. Report on 6 African Species,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Progress Report,No.17Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFrance - C.T.F.T.,1960,Lotofa (Sterculia rhinopetala,C.T.F.T. Information Technique,No. 31France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFTGhana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la CamerounHMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonJay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Keay, R.W.J., et al,1960,Nigerian Trees Vol.1,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastLavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSpalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionUnwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. LondonWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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