|   Andamans ash (Terminalia bialata) 
 Family: Combretaceae 
 Common names: Andamans ash, Chieu-lieu, Chuglam, Chuglam white, Indian silver grey wood, Lein, Safed chuglam, White chuglam 
 Common uses: Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Flooring, Furniture, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Oars, Paneling, Plywood, Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Roofing, Structural work, Tool handles, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative 
 Tree size: Tree height is 30-40 m 
 
	Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isVariable figure, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterMedium
	 
 Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera), Susceptible to insect attack 
 Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 
 Kiln Drying Rate: Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast
 
 Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Splitting 
 Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult 
 Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is buttressed
 
 Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good  
 Blunting Effect: Moderate 
 Boring: Fairly easy to very easy 
 Carving: Fair to Good Results
 
 Cutting Resistance: Moderate to saw 
 Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy 
 Mortising: Fair to Good 
 Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy 
 Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy 
 Nailing: Pre-Boring Recommended, Very Good to Excellent 
 Planing: Very Good to Excellent 
 Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood 
 Response to hand tools: Responds Readily 
 Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
 
 Sanding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy 
 Veneering qualities: Suitable for slicing, Suitable for slicing 
 
	Screwing: Satisfactory screwing finish, Very Good to Excellent Results;	Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy		
	 
 
	Polishing: Surface Preparation; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; 
	 
 
    
    Numerical data MetricNumerical data EnglishStrength propertiesReferences 
     
     
	
      
      |  |  |  |  |  
      | Item | Green | Dry | Metric |  
      
      
		| Specific Gravity |  |  |  |  
     
		| Density |  | 673 | kg/m3 |  
     
		| Bending Strength | 542 | 849 | kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Crushing Strength | 275 | 449 | kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Hardness |  | 692 | kg |  
     
		| Impact Strength |  | 101 | cm |  
     
		| Shearing Strength |  | 77 | kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Stiffness | 110 | 127 | 1000 kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Tangential Shrinkage |  |  | % |  
     
		| Radial Shrinkage | 4 |  | % |  
     
		| Weight | 657 | 528 | kg/m3 |  
     
		| Maximum Load |  |  | cm-kg/cm3 |  
     
		| Toughness |  |  | cm-kg |  
     
		| Static Bending |  |  | kg/cm2 |  
     
      |  | 
 |  |  |  |  |  | Item | Green | Dry | English |  | Bending Strength | 7711 | 12078 | psi |  | Density |  | 42 | lbs/ft3 |  | Hardness |  | 1526 | lbs |  | Impact Strength |  | 40 | inches |  | Maximum Crushing Strength | 3916 | 6397 | psi |  | Shearing Strength |  | 1107 | psi |  | Stiffness | 1573 | 1816 | 1000 psi |  | Weight | 41 | 33 | lbs/ft3 |  | Radial Shrinkage | 4 |  | % |  | Tangential Shrinkage | 6 |  | % |  |  | 
Max. crushing strength = medium 1
 Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0
 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
 Bending strength (MOR) = medium
 Bending strength (MOR) = low
 Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
 Hardness (side grain) = medium
 Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
 Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
 Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
 Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
 Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
 Shrinkage, Tangential = small
 Shrinkage, Radial = very small
 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
 Hardness (side grain) = soft
 Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft
 
 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonCox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughDas Gupta, P.R.,1980,Studies on differential shrinkage in different planes of wood,Indian Forester 106(2) pp128-40Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentGamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. LondonHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsRamesh, Rao K., Juneja, K.B.S.,1971,Field Identification of Fifty Important timbers of India,Dehra Dun IndiaRamesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonTewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
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