White Bombay (Terminalia procera)
Family: Combretaceae
Common names: Badam, Bang nuoc, Chasemiich, Esemi, Kil, Kung, Safed bombway, Tilautaea, White Bombay, White bombway, White bombwe
Distributed in: Burma, India (Oceania and S.E. Asia)
Distribution overview: Terminalia genus is composed of over 200 species of very large trees which occur extensively in the tropics. T. procera is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands where it is very common.
Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Core Stock, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, General carpentry, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Office furniture, Paneling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Stools, Tables , Tool handles, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wardrobes
Environment profile: Status has not been officially assessed
Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isRed, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight to shallowly interlocked, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterLustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to termite attack, Very durable
Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5
Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly
Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting
Ease of Drying: Slowly
Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight
Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect: Medium dulling effect on cutting edges
Boring: Responds readily to boring tools with good results
Carving: Good results
Cutting Resistance: Satisfactory sawing properties
Gluing: Good gluing properties
Mortising: Very Good to Excellent
Moulding: Very Good to Excellent
Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent
Nailing: Possible if prebored, Pre-Boring Recommended
Planing: Special attention required
Resistance to Impregnation: Heartwood is resistant
Response to hand tools: Yields a smooth, clean finish
Routing recessing: Routing is easy
Sanding: Very Good to Excellent Results
Veneering qualities: Suitable for veneers
The timber responds well to rotary cutting and slicing into veneer
Steam bending: Fair to Good Results
Screwing: Holds screws well , Pre-boring recommended; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results
Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract;
- Numerical data Metric
- Numerical data English
- Strength properties
- References
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 |
 |
 |
Item |
Green |
Dry |
Metric |
Specific Gravity |
0,51 |
0,54 |
|
Density |
|
657 |
kg/m3 |
Bending Strength |
514 |
780 |
kg/cm2 |
Crushing Strength |
258 |
445 |
kg/cm2 |
Hardness |
|
564 |
kg |
Impact Strength |
71 |
76 |
cm |
Shearing Strength |
|
62 |
kg/cm2 |
Stiffness |
87 |
103 |
1000 kg/cm2 |
Tangential Shrinkage |
6 |
|
% |
Radial Shrinkage |
3 |
|
% |
Weight |
769 |
624 |
kg/m3 |
Maximum Load |
|
|
cm-kg/cm3 |
Toughness |
|
|
cm-kg |
Static Bending |
|
|
kg/cm2 |
|
 |  |  |  | Item | Green | Dry | English | Bending Strength | 7318 | 11106 | psi | Density | | 41 | lbs/ft3 | Hardness | | 1245 | lbs | Impact Strength | 28 | 30 | inches | Maximum Crushing Strength | 3672 | 6336 | psi | Shearing Strength | | 882 | psi | Stiffness | 1240 | 1474 | 1000 psi | Specific Gravity | 0.51 | 0.54 | | Weight | 48 | 39 | lbs/ft3 | Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % | Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % | Volumetric Shrinkage | 11 | | % | |
Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Max. crushing strength = low Hardness (side grain) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Resists denting and marring Heavy Hard Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Dense Crushing strength = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = high
Armstrong, F.H.,1951,Resistance to Wear of Afzelia as Flooring,Wood,16(9, pp338-9Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 3 Southern Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonCox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughDas Gupta, P.R.,1980,Studies on differential shrinkage in different planes of wood,Indian Forester 106(2) pp128-40Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentHMSO.1981.Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition.Revised by R. H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza.1961.Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia.Technological Paper No. 12.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Limaye, V.D.1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEECPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsRamesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3Rao, K.R. and S.K. Purkayastha. 1972. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume III - Leguminosae to Combretaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India.Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
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