White Bombay (Terminalia procera) 
	 
	Family: Combretaceae  
	
	Common names: Badam, Bang nuoc, Chasemiich, Esemi, Kil, Kung, Safed bombway, Tilautaea, White Bombay, White bombway, White bombwe 
 Distributed in: Burma, India (Oceania and S.E. Asia) 
 Distribution overview: Terminalia genus is composed of over 200 species of very large trees which occur extensively in the tropics. T. procera is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands where it is very common. 
 Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Core Stock, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, General carpentry, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Office furniture, Paneling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Stools, Tables , Tool handles, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wardrobes 
 Environment profile: Status has not been officially assessed
 
 Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m  
	
	
	Colors: the heart isRed, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight to shallowly interlocked, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterLustrous
	  
	
	Natural durability: Susceptible to termite attack, Very durable 
 Odor: No specific smell or taste
 
 Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 
 Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly 
 Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting 
 Ease of Drying: Slowly 
 Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight
 
 Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good  
 Blunting Effect: Medium dulling effect on cutting edges 
 Boring: Responds readily to boring tools with good results  
 Carving: Good results
 
 Cutting Resistance: Satisfactory sawing properties 
 Gluing: Good gluing properties 
 Mortising: Very Good to Excellent 
 Moulding: Very Good to Excellent 
 Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent 
 Nailing: Possible if prebored, Pre-Boring Recommended 
 Planing: Special attention required 
 Resistance to Impregnation: Heartwood is resistant 
 Response to hand tools: Yields a smooth, clean finish 
 Routing recessing: Routing is easy
 
 Sanding: Very Good to Excellent Results 
 Veneering qualities: Suitable for veneers 
The timber responds well to rotary cutting and slicing into veneer
 
 Steam bending: Fair to Good Results
  		
	
	
	Screwing: Holds screws well , Pre-boring recommended;	Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results		
	  
	
	Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract; 
	  
	
	
    
    - Numerical data Metric
 
    - Numerical data English
 
    - Strength properties
 
    - References
 
     
     
     
     
	
      
        | 
        | 
        | 
        |  
      
      | Item | 
      Green | 
      Dry | 
      Metric | 
       
      
      
		| Specific Gravity | 
		0,51 | 
		0,54 | 
		 |  
     
		| Density | 
		 | 
		657 | 
		kg/m3 |  
     
		| Bending Strength | 
		514 | 
		780 | 
		kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Crushing Strength | 
		258 | 
		445 | 
		kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Hardness | 
		 | 
		564 | 
		kg |  
     
		| Impact Strength | 
		71 | 
		76 | 
		cm |  
     
		| Shearing Strength | 
		 | 
		62 | 
		kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Stiffness | 
		87 | 
		103 | 
		1000 kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Tangential Shrinkage | 
		6 | 
		 | 
		% |  
     
		| Radial Shrinkage | 
		3 | 
		 | 
		% |  
     
		| Weight | 
		769 | 
		624 | 
		kg/m3 |  
     
		| Maximum Load | 
		 | 
		 | 
		cm-kg/cm3 |  
     
		| Toughness | 
		 | 
		 | 
		cm-kg |  
     
		| Static Bending | 
		 | 
		 | 
		kg/cm2 |  
     
       |   
      
	   
        
        |   |   |   |  | Item  | Green  | Dry  | English  |  | Bending Strength  | 7318  | 11106  | psi   |  | Density  |   | 41  | lbs/ft3   |  | Hardness  |   | 1245  | lbs   |  | Impact Strength  | 28  | 30  | inches  |  | Maximum Crushing Strength  | 3672  | 6336  | psi   |  | Shearing Strength  |   | 882  | psi   |  | Stiffness  | 1240  | 1474  | 1000 psi  |  | Specific Gravity  | 0.51  | 0.54  |   |  | Weight  | 48  | 39  | lbs/ft3   |  | Radial Shrinkage  | 3  |   | %   |  | Tangential Shrinkage  | 6  |   | %   |  | Volumetric Shrinkage  | 11  |   | %   |   |  
  
       Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low  Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low  Max. crushing strength = medium  Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low  Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low  Max. crushing strength = low  Hardness (side grain) = medium  Shrinkage, Tangential = small  Shrinkage, Radial = small  Hardness (side grain) = soft  Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate  Shrinkage, Radial = very small  Shrinkage, Tangential = very small  Shrinkage, Radial = moderate  Resists denting and marring  Heavy  Hard  Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft  Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.  Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.  Dense  Crushing strength = high  Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high  Bending strength (MOR) = high  
   
       Armstrong, F.H.,1951,Resistance to Wear of Afzelia as Flooring,Wood,16(9, pp338-9Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 3 Southern Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonCox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughDas Gupta, P.R.,1980,Studies on differential shrinkage in different planes of wood,Indian Forester 106(2) pp128-40Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentHMSO.1981.Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition.Revised by R. H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza.1961.Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia.Technological Paper No. 12.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Limaye, V.D.1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEECPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsRamesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3Rao, K.R. and S.K. Purkayastha. 1972. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume III - Leguminosae to Combretaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India.Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition 
	 
    
	
       
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