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Makore (Tieghemella heckelii)
Family: Sapotaceae Common names: Abacu, Abako, Abaku, Abecou, African cherry, Agamokive, Agamokwe, Aganokpe, Aganokwe, Asaka, Babou, Babu, Bagwain, Bako, Baku, Butusu, Cherry mahogany, Dimori, Dimpapi, Diutu, Djuru-tu, Douka, Dumone, Dumori, Edinam, Edumoi, Gofilei, Gwa, Hochioo, Ipaki, Konoo-findo, Makarou, Makore, Makori, Makwe, Mbabou, N'duka, Nduka, Okola, Okolla, Opapea, Opepe, Rubber tree, Ukola, Wosima, Wosime Distributed in: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone (Africa) Distribution overview: The growth range of this species extends from Sierra Leone to south-western Nigeria. Common uses: Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Boat building: planking, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Door, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Plywood: veneer (marine), Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shade rollers, Shipbuilding, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tables, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes Product sources: Makore trees tend to be very large, with logs that commonly produce from 40,000 to 50,000 square feet of consistent and uniform material. Trees often have a high percentage of figured material per log, which allows big projects to be accomplished in single long runs and in sequence. Although the wood is not light colored, it is very popular because of its distinctive appearance. Seeds produced by the tree are reported to yield an edible oil.Supplies in the veneer form are rather plentiful, and the material is also available in the lumber form from importers. Prices are in the moderate range.The ITTO reports that the species is a regular source of timber for export. The timber is a popular architectural wood. Environment profile: Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm
Colors: the heart isWhite, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureVery fineand the lusterPronounced
Natural durability: Very durable, Very durable Odor: No specific smell or taste
Silica Content: Moderate silica contact Kiln Schedules: UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: Corrosive Materials - Contact with iron may stain the wood blue, especially under moist conditions.General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Severe blunting effect on cutting surfaces Boring: Tends to char during boring Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance: High cutting resistance because of high silica content Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties Mortising: Responds fairly well to mortising operations Moulding: Very Good to Excellent Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent Nailing: Pre-boring required, Tends to split during nailing Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is moderately resistant Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Responds well to hand tools Routing recessing: Good routing qualities
Material with high silica content may promote rapid blunting of cutting edges
Sanding: Satisfactory sanding properties Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Tends to Degrade
Screwing: Poor to Very Poor Results, Pre-Boring is recommended in screwing ; Turning: Poor to Very Poor Results
Painting: Surface Preparation; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent;
Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Hardness (side grain) = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low 1 Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate 0 Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = soft Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Resists denting and marring Heavy Hardness (side grain) = hard Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Dense Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1955,Makore (Mimusops hecklii,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.41,pp19-22Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1976,Makore/Douka,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.168, pp31-46Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonBrown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonCox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFrance - C.T.F.T.,1964,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur Tieghemella,spp.,C.T.F.T. Information Technique, No192France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12Franco, E.J. Sampaio,1965,Sur l'Aptitude de quelques Bois Africains a l'Emploi dans les Travaux,Maritimes et la Construction Navale. (The suitability of some African,timbers for use in maritime structures and ship building.,Min. Das Obras Publicas, Lab.Nac. de Engenharia Civil Lisbon,,Memoria.,No.243 pp19Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32Hartwig, G.L.F.,1967,Flooring Timber in South Africa - Mimusops hecklii,South African Builder,45(4, pp33-5HMSO.1981.Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition.Revised by R. H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonITTO.1986.Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKaiser, J. 1993. Wood of the Month - Makore: valued for Consistency and Beauty. Wood and Wood Products, November 1993. Page 40.Keay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKline, M. 1984. Tieghemella heckelii - Makore. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 348-349.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryKryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lavers, G. M.1966.The Strength Properties of Timbers.Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50.Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W. A.1986.World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEECPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRendle, B.J.,1938,Commercial Mahoganies and Allied Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No 18Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Sallenave, P.,1968,Reflexions sur quelques essences tropicales utilisables en menuiserie de,batiment,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.121,pp55-66Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra LeoneSpalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsThomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionVoorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, WageningenWCMC.1992.Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Plants Programme, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. |
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