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American basswood (Tilia americana)
Family: Tiliaceae Common names: American basswood, American lime, American linden, Basswood, Bee tree, Beetree, Beetree linden, Carolina linden, Florida basswood, Florida linden, Limetree, Lin, Linden, Linn, White basswood, Whitewood, Willow Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America) Distribution overview: This North American species is distributed in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan in Canada. Its growth range in the United States includes Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Great Smoky Mountain National Park, Iowa, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, and West Virginia. The tree prefer moist soils of valleys and uplands and is usually found growing in hardwood forests. Common uses: Beehives, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Carvings, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drawing boards, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Matches, Millwork, Model airplanes, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shade rollers, Sporting Goods, Stools, Tables , Toys, Trunks, Turnery, Utility furniture, Valises, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wardrobes Product sources: Supplies of American basswood are abundant in Eastern United States at a relatively low price. Environment profile: Widespread Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm
Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodPaler than heartwood, White to yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureUniformand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Resistant to termites, Susceptible to insect attack Odor: No specific taste Kiln Schedules: UK=K US=T13C4S/T11D3S Kiln Drying Rate: Slow Drying Defects: Internal Honeycombing Possible, Slight warping and checking during air-season Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight
Comments: Basswood is described as clean, attractive in appearance, light in weight, and free from odor, qualities which make it a primary choice for food containers.General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Slight dulling effect on cutting tools Boring:
The material responds readily to very sharp machine tools to yield clean surfaces in boring operations
Carving:
Basswood is a popular choice among hobbyist for modelling ships, airplanes, and wood sculpturing
Cutting Resistance: Fairly easy to saw Gluing: Good gluing properties Mortising: Mortising operations are fairly easy Moulding: Requires care in moulding operations Movement in Service: Requires care in moulding operations Nailing: Holds satisfactorily, Pre-Boring Recommended Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Responds well to preservative treatment Resistance to Splitting: Good
Response to hand tools: Responds very well to hand tools Sanding: Fair sanding qualities
Veneering qualities: No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting, Suitable for peeling Steam bending: Very poor
Screwing: Screwing yields good results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Yields clean surfaces
Painting: Good
Basswood responds well to enamel.; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Poor staining properties ; Varnishing: Good;
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = low Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Work to Maximum Load = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Dents or scratches easily Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACalifornia Department of Forestry. (Undated). Comparative Physical & Mechanical Properties of Western & Eastern Hardwoods.Prepared by Forest Products Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California.Canadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentHMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kallio, E. and Godman, R.M.,1973,American Woods - American Basswood,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-219Kline, M. 1987. Tilia Americana - American basswood. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 350-351.Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color.Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRendle, B.J. Editor. 1969. World Timbers, Volume Two - North & South America (Including Central America and the West Indies). Published by Ernest Benn Limited, Bouverie House, Fleet Street, London.Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonStone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London |
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