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European limeEuropean lime
European lime (Tilia vulgaris)

Family: Malvaceae

Common names: European lime, Linden, Tilleul

Distributed in: Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Sweden, United Kingdom (Eastern Europe, Western Europe)

Distribution overview: Reported to grow throughout Europe and the United Kingdom. It is very common in Russia, Germany, and England.

Common uses: Bobbins, Broom handles, Brush backs & handles, Carvings, Clogs, Cutting surfaces, Decorative veneer, Hatracks, Musical instruments , Piano keys, Sounding boards, Toys, Turnery, Veneer, Wooden shoes

Product sources: European lime is available in very limited quantities on the European market, and is usually priced in the inexpensive range.

Environment profile: Vulnerable

Tree size: Bole length is 10-20 m

Colors: the heart isPale yellow, White to creamand the sapwoodNot always distinct from the heartwood , Red.The grain isStraight, the textureUniformand the lusterHigh

Natural durability: Resistant to termites, Sapwood is readily attacked by the common furniture beetle

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: Schedule H (4/4) United Kingdom

Drying Defects: Distortion, Ripped or resawn boards may distort considerably if material contains compression wood

Ease of Drying: Somehat prone to degrade

Blunting Effect: Slight dulling effect on cutting tools

Boring: Responds well to boring operations

Carving: Good results

Cutting Resistance: Satisfactory sawing properties

Gluing: Responds well to gluing

Mortising: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Moulding: Fairly easy to mould

Movement in Service: Fairly easy to mould

Nailing: Pre-Boring Recommended, Satisfactory nailing properties

Planing: Special attention required

Resistance to Impregnation: Responds well to preservative treatment

Response to hand tools: Slight dulling effect on cutting edges

Routing recessing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Veneering qualities: Selected European lime logs are sliced into veneers for decorative applications. Plywood resistance to weathering effects upon exposure is good

Steam bending: Moderate The timber is suitable for bends of moderate radius. Steam bending qualities are rated as moderate and cannot be improved to any degree with supports and straps

Screwing: Pre-boring recommended ; Turning: Good results

Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Finishes well but material with interlocked grain may pick up in planing The timber responds well to most finishes. ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,52
Density 528 kg/m3
Bending Strength 517 870 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 250 457 kg/cm2
Hardness 315 kg
Impact Strength 60 73 cm
Shearing Strength 97 kg/cm2
Stiffness 98 119 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage %
Weight kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,7 1,19 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 7355 12382 psi
Density 33 lbs/ft3
Hardness 696 lbs
Impact Strength 24 29 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 3556 6501 psi
Shearing Strength 1380 psi
Stiffness 1395 1698 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 10 17 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.52
Weight 38 33 lbs/ft3

Hardness = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Strength properties are rated as medium in bending and crushing, and low in stiffness and resistance to shock loads. Hardness and weigth are rated as medium, and density is high. The wood does not taint food, and is a popular choice for butcher blocks.

British Woodworking Federation. 1995. Which Wood . Published by the British Woodworking Federation, Broadway House, Tothill Street, London.HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.Patterson, D. 1988. Commercial Timbers of the World. Fifth Edition. Gower Technical Press, Aldershot, UK. ix + 339 pp.Titmuss, F.H. 1965. Commercial Timbers of the World. Third Edition (Enlarged of A ConRussiae Encyclopedia of World Timbers). The Technical Press Ltd., London.
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