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East African copal
East African copal (Trachylobium verrucosum)

Family: Caesalpiniaceae

Common names: East African copal, Gum animi, Gum copal tree, Masandarusi, Mnyanza, Msandarusi, Mtandarusi, Munyama, Sibile

Distributed in: Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania (Africa)

Common uses: Boat building (general), Cabinetmaking, Door, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Piling, Plywood, Posts, Railroad ties, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm

Colors: the heart isWhite, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMediumand the lusterDull

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable

LightInduced Color Change: Darker

Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5

Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm)

Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Splitting

Ease of Drying: Rapidly

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe

Boring: Easy

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Mortising: Finishes well

Moulding: Good finishing

Movement in Service: Good finishing

Nailing: Nails hold poorly, Possible if prebored

Planing: Very Good to Excellent

Resistance to Impregnation: Softwood is extremely resistant

Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities

Screwing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult ; Turning: Poor to Very Poor Results

Painting: Fair to Good; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Very Good to Excellent;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity
Density 833 kg/m3
Bending Strength 654 1024 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 485 699 kg/cm2
Hardness 1333 kg
Impact Strength 101 cm
Shearing Strength 217 kg/cm2
Stiffness 95 110 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Weight 817 657 kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 9310 14566 psi
Density 52 lbs/ft3
Hardness 2940 lbs
Impact Strength 40 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 6899 9945 psi
Shearing Strength 3100 psi
Stiffness 1358 1568 1000 psi
Weight 51 41 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Tangential Shrinkage 4 %

Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft
Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft
Max. crushing strength = high
Hardness (side grain) = very hard
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high

Battiscombe, E.,1926,A Descriptive Catalogue of some of the Common Trees and Woody Plants of,Kenya Colony,Crown Agents for the Colonies LondonBengough, C.C.,1971,Commercial Timbers of Kenya,Ministry of Natural Resources Forest Department, KenyaBois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. MoshiDale, I.R., Greenway, P.J.,1961,Kenya Trees and Shrubs,Buchanans Kenya Estates Ltd. Nairobi Hatchards LondonGrant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest DepartmentIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonMurira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Palgrave, K.C.,1977,Trees of Southern Africa,Cape Town South AfricaPatterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Tanzania Forest Department,1963,Trachylobium verrucosum (Mtandarusi,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. MoshiTanzania Forest Division,1967,Pygeum africanum (Mkomotoyo,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec.,Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Division,1967,The Weights and Shrinkage of some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sect. Technical Note,No.25Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya
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