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Soft elmSoft elmSoft elm
Soft elm (Ulmus americana)

Family:

Common names: American elm, Elm, Florida elm, Soft elm, Swamp elm, Water elm, White elm

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: The growth range of American elm extends from southeastern Saskatchewan east to Cape Breton Island, south to central Florida, and west to central Texas. It is also widely planted in western United States, beyond its native eastern range. reported to grow in mixed hardwood forests, and prefers moist soils, particularly in valleys and flood plains.

Common uses: Baskets, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Casks, Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Farm vehicles, Figured veneer, Food containers, Interior construction, Interior trim, Machinery parts, Millwork, Moldings, Packing cases, Pallets, Plywood, Skids, Trimming, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wainscotting, Wheels

Product sources: The Lake States in the United States are reported to have the best Elm stands, but the species is also distributed throughout the eastern part of the country. The timber is readily available from commercial dealers, and is priced in the moderate range.

Environment profile: Some long-term concern for the species

Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m

Colors: the heart isRed, Reddish brownand the sapwoodGrey, Red.The grain isStraight, the textureWoolly

Natural durability: Perishable, Very little natural resistance

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: T6 - D4 (4/4) US

Drying Defects: Ring failure, Warping can be expected

Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care

Blunting Effect: Moderate

Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting resistance is rather small if edges are kept sharp. Sawn surfaces are often woolly

Gluing: Good properties

Nailing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Good nailing properties

Planing: Woolly

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Response to hand tools: Good

Steam bending: Very Good to Excellent Results

Screwing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Good screwing properties;

Polishing: High finish ; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,48 0,54
Density kg/m3
Bending Strength 496 819 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 30 54 kg/cm2
Hardness 368 kg
Impact Strength 124 124 cm
Shearing Strength 104 kg/cm2
Stiffness 76 98 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 881 560 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,98 1,12 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending 234 413 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 7056 11662 psi
Crushing Strength 431 769 psi
Hardness 813 lbs
Impact Strength 49 49 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2876 5370 psi
Shearing Strength 1480 psi
Static Bending 3332 5880 psi
Stiffness 1093 1401 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 14 16 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.48 0.54
Weight 55 35 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 15 %

Max. crushing strength = low
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Can be used as a substitute for rock elm

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.California Department of Forestry.Comparative Physical & Mechanical Properties of Western & Eastern Hardwoods.Prepared by Forest Products Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California.n/d.Canadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.HMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Jackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. HarperCollins Publishers, London.Kaiser, J. 1989. Wood of the Month - Elm: An American Favorite Suffers from an Imported Disease. Wood of the Month Annual, Volume 1, Supplement to Wood and Wood Products. Pg. 31-32.Kline, M. 1985. Ulmus americana - American elm. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 355-356.Lincoln, W.A. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc, Fresno, California.Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Rendle, B.J. Editor. 1969. World Timbers, Volume Two - North & South America (Including Central America and the West Indies). Published by Ernest Benn Limited, Bouverie House, Fleet Street, London.USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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