 
Soft elm (Ulmus americana)
Family:
Common names: American elm, Elm, Florida elm, Soft elm, Swamp elm, Water elm, White elm
Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)
Distribution overview: The growth range of American elm extends from southeastern Saskatchewan east to Cape Breton Island, south to central Florida, and west to central Texas. It is also widely planted in western United States, beyond its native eastern range. reported to grow in mixed hardwood forests, and prefers moist soils, particularly in valleys and flood plains.
Common uses: Baskets, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Casks, Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Farm vehicles, Figured veneer, Food containers, Interior construction, Interior trim, Machinery parts, Millwork, Moldings, Packing cases, Pallets, Plywood, Skids, Trimming, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wainscotting, Wheels
Product sources: The Lake States in the United States are reported to have the best Elm stands, but the species is also distributed throughout the eastern part of the country. The timber is readily available from commercial dealers, and is priced in the moderate range.
Environment profile: Some long-term concern for the species
Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isRed, Reddish brownand the sapwoodGrey, Red.The grain isStraight, the textureWoolly
Natural durability: Perishable, Very little natural resistance
Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: T6 - D4 (4/4) US
Drying Defects: Ring failure, Warping can be expected
Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care
Blunting Effect: Moderate
Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw
Cutting resistance is rather small if edges are kept sharp. Sawn surfaces are often woolly
Gluing: Good properties
Nailing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Good nailing properties
Planing: Woolly
Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable
Response to hand tools: Good
Steam bending: Very Good to Excellent Results
Screwing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Good screwing properties;
Polishing: High finish
; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy;
- Numerical data Metric
- Numerical data English
- Strength properties
- References
 |
 |
 |
 |
Item |
Green |
Dry |
Metric |
Specific Gravity |
0,48 |
0,54 |
|
Density |
|
|
kg/m3 |
Bending Strength |
496 |
819 |
kg/cm2 |
Crushing Strength |
30 |
54 |
kg/cm2 |
Hardness |
|
368 |
kg |
Impact Strength |
124 |
124 |
cm |
Shearing Strength |
|
104 |
kg/cm2 |
Stiffness |
76 |
98 |
1000 kg/cm2 |
Tangential Shrinkage |
8 |
|
% |
Radial Shrinkage |
4 |
|
% |
Weight |
881 |
560 |
kg/m3 |
Maximum Load |
0,98 |
1,12 |
cm-kg/cm3 |
Toughness |
|
|
cm-kg |
Static Bending |
234 |
413 |
kg/cm2 |
|
 |  |  |  | Item | Green | Dry | English | Bending Strength | 7056 | 11662 | psi | Crushing Strength | 431 | 769 | psi | Hardness | | 813 | lbs | Impact Strength | 49 | 49 | inches | Maximum Crushing Strength | 2876 | 5370 | psi | Shearing Strength | | 1480 | psi | Static Bending | 3332 | 5880 | psi | Stiffness | 1093 | 1401 | 1000 psi | Work to Maximum Load | 14 | 16 | inch-lbs/in3 | Specific Gravity | 0.48 | 0.54 | | Weight | 55 | 35 | lbs/ft3 | Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % | Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % | Volumetric Shrinkage | 15 | | % | |
Max. crushing strength = low Bending strength (MOR) = high
Can be used as a substitute for rock elm
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.California Department of Forestry.Comparative Physical & Mechanical Properties of Western & Eastern Hardwoods.Prepared by Forest Products Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California.n/d.Canadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.HMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Jackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. HarperCollins Publishers, London.Kaiser, J. 1989. Wood of the Month - Elm: An American Favorite Suffers from an Imported Disease. Wood of the Month Annual, Volume 1, Supplement to Wood and Wood Products. Pg. 31-32.Kline, M. 1985. Ulmus americana - American elm. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 355-356.Lincoln, W.A. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc, Fresno, California.Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Rendle, B.J. Editor. 1969. World Timbers, Volume Two - North & South America (Including Central America and the West Indies). Published by Ernest Benn Limited, Bouverie House, Fleet Street, London.USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
|