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Chengal
Chengal (Balanocarpus heimii)

Family: Dipterocarpaceae

Common names: Chengai, Chengai batu, Chengal, Chi-nga mas, Chingal, Karakong, Kong, Mindanao narek, Narek, Penak, Penak bunga, Penak lilin, Penak sabut, Penak tambaga, Takhian chan, Takhian chan ta maeo, Takian-chan, Takien chan, Taknian chan tamaeo, Tjengal

Distributed in: Indonesia, Malaysia, Solomon Islands, Thailand (Oceania and S.E. Asia)

Distribution overview: Indomalesia (Malay peninsula), particularly in Thailand.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Canoes, Casks, Construction, Cooperages, Crossties, Decks, Dockwork, Door, Factory construction, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Food containers, Furniture, Handles: general, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Joinery, Lifeboats, Light construction, Marine construction, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Stakes, Tool handles, Utility poles, Vats, Vehicle parts

Environment profile: Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within its range

Tree size: The tree is large, with boles that are typically well-shaped and clear

Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWell defined, White to yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMediumand the lusterSlightly lustrous

Natural durability: Very resistant to attack by termites , Very resistant to decay

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Silica Content: High

LightInduced Color Change: Darker

Kiln Schedules: UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2

Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Surface checking is a common drying degrade

Ease of Drying: Slowly

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Good wearing qualitites, and is highly suited for industrial flooring

Blunting Effect: Slight blunting effect on cutting tools

Boring: Good boring qualitites

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Saws may become gummy from resin in the wood

Gluing: Good gluing properties

Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Nailing: Possible if prebored, Requires pre-boring

Planing: Resin may adhere to tools

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is moderately resistant

Resistance to Splitting: Poor

Response to hand tools: Responds well to hand tools

Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Sanding: Produces smooth surfaces

Turning: Good results

Painting: Fair to Good; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Stained effectively ; Varnishing: Requires care especially when resin is present ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,66 0,78
Density 897 kg/m3
Bending Strength 1191 1682 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 612 820 kg/cm2
Hardness 1019 kg
Impact Strength 119 134 cm
Shearing Strength 161 kg/cm2
Stiffness 172 196 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 6 %
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Weight 929 881 kg/m3
Maximum Load 1,26 1,4 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending 779 854 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 16950 23930 psi
Density 56 lbs/ft3
Hardness 2247 lbs
Impact Strength 47 53 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 8705 11664 psi
Shearing Strength 2296 psi
Static Bending 11084 12152 psi
Stiffness 2459 2792 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 18 20 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.66 0.78
Weight 58 55 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Tangential Shrinkage 6 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 11 %

Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft 1
Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Hardness (side grain) = hard
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = very high
Very high density
Very heavy
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high
Max. crushing strength = very high
Max. crushing strength = high
Hard
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high
Bending strength (MOR) = high
It is far stronger, for example, than Hard maple, White oak, or Teak. It is hard and superior to Teak and probably Mahogany

Balan Menon, P.K.,1958,Uses of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 21(1) pp34-44Balan Menon, P.K.,1967,The structure and identification of Malayan woods,Malyasia Forestry Department, Forestry Research Institute, Malayan Forest,Records,No.25Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBryce, J. and Kitambi, G.,1960,The Air-drying Properties of some Tanganyika Timbers Technical Note No 23,Tanganyika Forest Department Utilisation Division Technical NoteChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonDesch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. The Malayan Forester, 28(30):315-318.Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15Flemmioh, C.O.,1959,Timber Utilization in Malaysia,Malayan Forest Records 13, Govt. Printer SingaporeFoxworthy, F.W.,1927,Commercial Timber Trees of the Malayan Peninsula,Malayan Forest Records 3Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kloot, N.H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No. 12, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry BoardLee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210Smitinand, T., Et al,1980,A Manual of Diplerocarpaceae of Mainland South-East Asia,Forest Department, ThailandStrugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73Suvarnasuddhi, K.,1950,Some Commercial Timbers of Thailand - Their Properties and Uses,Royal Forest Department, ThailandSymington, C.F.,1943,Foresters manual of Dipterocarps,Malaysia Forest Record,No.16Thomas, A.V.,1934,Results of mechanical and physical tests on fully air dried timbers,Malayan Forester 3 pp15-17WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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