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Black wattle
Black wattle (Acacia mangium)

Family: Leguminosae

Common names: Black wattle, Brown salwood, Hickory wattle, Mangium, Sabah salwood

Distributed in: Bangladesh, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Hawaii [US], Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands (Africa, Central America, Oceania and S.E. Asia)

Distribution overview: Largely Australian with disjunct distribution of small stands in New Guinea and the Moluccas, as well as in Cape York Peninsula. In Indonesia, Black Wattle occurs on Taliabu, the most western island, and Sanana, a southern island of the Sula Island Group. It can also be found near Waesalan in the southwest of the main Ceran group. It has been introduced to Banglasesh, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Hawaii, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Papua, and the Philippines.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Charcoal, Fuelwood, Furniture, Handles: general, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Moldings, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Sporting Goods, Turnery, Veneer

Tree size: Tree height is 30-40 m

Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureFineand the lusterMedium

Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles, Susceptible to insect attack

Kiln Schedules: Drying (speed) is fast

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries quickly

Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Splitting

Ease of Drying: Slowly

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Boring: Moderately easy

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Nailing: Easy to nail, Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Planing: Very Good to Excellent

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Resistance to Splitting: Good

Response to hand tools: Easy to machine

Sanding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy

Turning: Turns with moderate ease


  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity
Density 480 kg/m3
Bending Strength 542 849 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 327 512 kg/cm2
Hardness kg
Impact Strength cm
Shearing Strength 97 kg/cm2
Stiffness 95 110 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight 464 400 kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 7711 12078 psi
Density 30 lbs/ft3
Maximum Crushing Strength 4662 7284 psi
Shearing Strength 1391 psi
Stiffness 1358 1568 1000 psi
Weight 29 25 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 6 %

Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Max. crushing strength = high
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.

Gua, B.E.,1988,Observation on timber samples of eighteen research and plantation species,Forest Research Note, Solomon Islands Forestry Division Number 53 21/88Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Peh, T.B. and Khoo, K.C.,1984,Timber Properties of Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea, Paraserianthes,falcataria and their utilization aspects.,The Malaysian Forester, Vol.47, No.4, pp.285-303.Salleh, M.N. and W.C. Wong,1989,Utilization of Forest Plantation Trees.,Recent Developments in Tree,Plantations of Humid/Subhumid Tropics of Asia, 5-9 June 1989 Universiti,Pertanian Malaysia Proceedings of a Regional Symposium,Faculty of Forestry Universiti Pertanian MalaysiaScharai-rad, M. and Kambey, E.,1989,The Wood of Acacia mangium Willd. Its Properties and Possible Uses.,GFG German Forestry Group, Mulawarman University, Indonesia, Report No.14,1-12U.S.A. National Research Council,1983,Mangium and other Acacias of the Humid Tropics,National Academy Press, Washington, U.S.A.Yoji Kikata (ed.,1991,The promotion of Lesser-known Species and Plantation-grown species,Proceedings of the International Forest Products Workshop, 14 to 15,October, 1991, Nagoya University, Japan
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