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Berlinia
Berlinia (Berlinia grandiflora)

Family: Leguminosae

Common names: Aben, Adapo, Agyemera, Ajia, Apado, Berlinia, Ebiara, Ekpagoi, Ekpogoi, Essabem, Essaben, Essoule, Esule, Ewon pala, Gbor-du-orh, Gborduorh, Kibibi, Kpende guli, Lupemba, M'possa, Melagba, Melegba, Mubangu, Mutoke, Obuba, Obwa, Poculi, Red oak, Rose zebrano, Sarkpei, Sau, Shoemakerstree, Tshitemba, Ubuda, wepa

Distributed in: Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zaire (Africa)

Distribution overview: Occurs in well-developed gallery forests of Burkina Faso, as well as in Ghana and Central African Republic.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Building construction, Cabinetmaking, Construction, Decorative veneer, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Paneling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Structural work, Truck bodies, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative

Environment profile: Very little threat to its natural environment.

Tree size: Tree height is 10-20 m

Colors: the heart isVaries from pink red to dark reddish brown, Whiteand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Whitish.The grain isStraight, interlocked, and sometimes very irregular, the textureUniformand the lusterMedium

Natural durability: Very durable, Very vulnerable to ambrosia beetle attack

Odor: No specific odor

LightInduced Color Change: None

Kiln Schedules: T6 - D2 (4/4) US

Drying Defects: Moderate end spitting, Slight twist/warp

Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is not buttressed

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Moderate

Boring: Fairly difficult to very difficult

Carving: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Cutting Resistance: Requires tungsten tipped cutters

Gluing: Good properties

Mortising: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Moulding: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Movement in Service: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Nailing: Pre-Boring Recommended, Pre-boring recommended

Planing: Requires reduced cutting angle

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Response to hand tools: Variable qualities

Routing recessing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Sanding: Interlocked grain may cause some grain tearing

Veneering qualities: Suitable for peeling, Suitable for slicing

Steam bending: Moderate

Screwing: Fair to Good Results, Pre-boring recommended; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results

Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,53 0,64
Density 737 kg/m3
Bending Strength 711 1065 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 326 512 kg/cm2
Hardness 507 kg
Impact Strength 71 76 cm
Shearing Strength 147 kg/cm2
Stiffness 95 111 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 705 705 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,63 0,84 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 288 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 10121 15156 psi
Density 46 lbs/ft3
Hardness 1118 lbs
Impact Strength 28 30 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 4641 7284 psi
Shearing Strength 2102 psi
Stiffness 1355 1592 1000 psi
Toughness 250 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 9 12 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.53 0.64
Weight 44 44 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 11 %

Max. crushing strength = medium 0
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Work Maximum Load = Low
Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Max. crushing strength = high
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Toughness (total work) = medium
Shrinkage, Volumetric = small
Shrinkage, Volumetic = fairly large
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Resists denting and marring
Heavy
Hardness = medium
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Dnesity (dry wieght) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft.
Density = high
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high
Bending strength (MOR) = very high

Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153Dalziel, J.M.,1937,The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa,Crown Agents for the ColoniesErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. BelguimFrance - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceHMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods.2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Hughes, J.F.,1958,A Summary of the Information Available on the Properties of Afzelia,quanzensis,Tanzania Forest Dept. Util. Sec. Moshi Series,No.4Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonITTO.1986.Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.Keay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Lavers, G. M.1966.The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSpalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of Africa Woods 2,Tropical Woods 16(106) pp65-97Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7WCMC.1992.Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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