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Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis)
Family: Betulaceae Common names: American birch, Betula wood, Birch, Black birch, Canadian silky wood, Canadian yellow birch, Curly birch, Gold birch, Gray birch, Hard birch, Quebec birch, Silver birch, Swamp birch, Yellow birch Distributed in: Canada, United Kingdom, United States (North America, Western Europe) Distribution overview: The range of yellow birch extends from southern Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Anticosti Island, the Gaspe peninsula, and Maine west to southern and southwestern Ontario and Minnesota; south to northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, extreme northern Indiana and Illinois; and south in the mountains to South Carolina, extreme northeastern Georgia, and eastern Tennessee. Reported to grow in Northern Europe and Northern Asia. It is a very hardy tree. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Bobbins, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Butcher blocks, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Charcoal, Chemical derivatives, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Cutting surfaces, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Fixtures, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hardwood distillation, Hatracks, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Marquetry, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Packing cases, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piano keys, Pianos , Plywood, Railroad ties, Sporting Goods, Textile equipment, Toothpicks, Toys, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Product sources: The ITTO reports that timber production from this species is negligible. It is exported in low volumes. Environment profile: Widespread Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm
Colors: the heart isRed, Reddish brownand the sapwoodWhite, White to yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureFine and evenand the lusterLow
Natural durability: Very little natural resistance, Will deteriorate rapidly in wet conditions without chemical protection Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: UK=G US=T8B3/T5B1 Drying Defects: Moderate twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Rapidly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Little Boring: Very good results Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw
Gluing: Moderate gluing properties Mortising: Finishes satisfactorily Moulding: Moulding ease is moderate Movement in Service: Moulding ease is moderate Nailing: Possible if prebored, Very Good to Excellent Planing: Requires reduced cutting angle Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting: Poor Response to hand tools: Responds Readily Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding: Fair sanding qualities
Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Very good
Screwing: Screwing yields satisfactory results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Good results
Painting: Good; Polishing: Good; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Good;
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Hardness (side grain) = soft Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Max. crushing strength = high Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (impact Strength) = high Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Max. crushing strength = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Bending strength (MOR) = high Toughness (total work) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Heavy Hardness = medium Hardness (side grain) = medium Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = low Work to Maximum Load = very low Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brisbin, R.L. and Sonderman, D.L.,1973,American Woods - Birch,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-221Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACalifornia Department of Forestry.Comparative Physical & Mechanical Properties of Western & Eastern Hardwoods.Prepared by Forest Products Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California.n/d.Canadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Edlin, H.L. 1969. What Wood is That?: A Manual of Wood Identification. A Studio Book, The Viking Press, New York.Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1957,Timbers for Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Bulletin, No.40Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32HMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, BuckinghamshireHoheisel, H., Arroyo, J.,1966,Resultados Preliminares de las Propiedados Fisicas y Mecanicas de 30,especies,de la Guayana Venezolana,Inst. Forestal Latin Am. de Investigacoin y Capacitacion Venezuela Boletin,No.20-21I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kaiser, J.Wood of the Month: American Beech - A Furniture Favorite.Wood and Wood Products, February, 1993.Page 30.Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza.1961.Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia.Technological Paper No. 12.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Rendle, B.J. Editor. 1969. World Timbers, Volume Two - North & South America (Including Central America and the West Indies). Published by Ernest Benn Limited, Bouverie House, Fleet Street, London.Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSmith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Wolcott, G.N.,1950,An Index to the Termite Resistance of Woods,Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Puerto Rico Bulletin,No.85Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London |
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