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Paper birchPaper birch
Paper birch (Betula papyrifera)

Family: Betulaceae

Common names: American birch, American white birch, Birch, Black birch, Canadian white birch, Canoe birch, Kenai birch, Kenai paper birch, Paper birch, Paper canoe, Red birch, Silver birch, Western paper birch, Western white birch, White birch

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boxes and crates, Broom handles, Brush backs & handles, Building materials, Butcher blocks, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Cutting surfaces, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hardwood distillation, Hatracks, Interior construction, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Packing cases, Paneling , Piano keys, Pianos , Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Sounding boards, Stools, Tables , Textile equipment, Toothpicks, Toys, Turnery, Utility furniture, Veneer

Environment profile: Widespread

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureUniformand the lusterMedium

Natural durability: Very durable, Very little natural resistance

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7

Kiln Drying Rate: Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast

Drying Defects: Chemical brown stains, Distortion

Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is not buttressed

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory

Blunting Effect: High to severe

Boring: Very good results

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Moderate gluing properties

Mortising: Exceptional mortising properties

Moulding: He wood responds poorly to moulding operations, and surfaces tend to be rough. (Percent of moulded pieces yeilding good to excellent out of 100 samples = 22).

Movement in Service: He wood responds poorly to moulding operations, and surfaces tend to be rough. (Percent of moulded pieces yeilding good to excellent out of 100 samples = 22).

Nailing: Holds nails well, Pre-boring recommended

Planing: Requires reduced cutting angle

Resistance to Impregnation: Permeable sapwood

Resistance to Splitting: Poor

Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities

Sanding: Difficult to sand

Veneering qualities: Moderately easy to veneer, No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting

Steam bending: Moderate

Screwing: Possible if prebored ; Turning: Very good

Painting: Very Good to Excellent; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Finish is generally good Dyes and clear stains are preferable to heavily pigmented finishes, since the latter tends to give the wood a muddy appearance. Surface scratching is a common problem. ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,43 0,5
Density 608 kg/m3
Bending Strength 444 776 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 41 18 kg/cm2
Hardness 373 kg
Impact Strength 121 93 cm
Shearing Strength 80 kg/cm2
Stiffness 83 105 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Radial Shrinkage 6 %
Weight 608 480 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,91 1,05 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 6318 11042 psi
Crushing Strength 588 265 psi
Density 38 lbs/ft3
Hardness 824 lbs
Impact Strength 48 37 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2724 5476 psi
Shearing Strength 1141 psi
Stiffness 1191 1500 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 13 15 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.43 0.5
Weight 38 30 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 6 %
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 16 %

Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Max. crushing strength = low
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Work to Maximum Load = very low
Toughness-Hammer drop (impact strength) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Resists denting and marring
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Heavy
Crushing strength = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = high

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.Brisbin, R.L. and Sonderman, D.L.,1973,American Woods - Birch,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-221Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentHMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, BuckinghamshireI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kaiser, Jo-ann.Wood of the Month: American Beech - A Furniture Favorite.Wood and Wood Products, February, 1993.Page 30.Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza.1961.Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia.Technological Paper No. 12.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Little E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionNiemiec, S.S., G.A. Ahrens, S. Willits, and D.E. Hibbs. March, 1995. Hardwoods of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University, College of Forestry,Research Contribution 8, Forest Research Laboratory, Department of Forest Products, Corvallis, Oregon.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Western Wood Products Association.19__.Woods of the Western USA.Published and distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.
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