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Bishopwood (Bischofia javanica)
Family: Euphorbiaceae Common names: Aidumu, Akagi, Akan, Akayan, Apalang, Aukkyu, Autumn male tree, Ayuni, Bagna, Bangu, Beefwood, Bembuk, Bhillar, Bino, Bintoengan, Bintungan, Biscoptra, Bishofsholz, Bishop wood, Bishopwood, Bisschophout, Bitug, Boaungza, Bogaungsa, Bois de l'eveque, Boke, Bolzuru, Bumbuk, Bunian, Cholavenga, Cingkam, Dampol, Digahongon, Duag, Dueg, Gadog, Gelintungan, Gerinjing, Gerondjing, Gerunjing, Gintoeng, Gintung, Gintungan, Glintungan, Gobra nairul, Govarnellu, Hka-shatawi, Ie, Inggedi, Irum, Java cedar, Jitang, Joki, Kaen, Kainjal, Kalmote, Katan, Kaurem, Kein, Kerindjing, Kerinjing, Keyawe, Ki mahoeng, Ko, Koka, Kola, Korsa, Kot-semla, Kundjing, Kunjing, Kywetho, Legno di vescono, Madera de obispo, Malachithiyan, Malachithiyani, Mandos, Mangatu, Manoko, Maritek, Milachithayam, Modagerri vembu, Na, Nannal, Needlebark, Nhoi, Nili-mara, Nira, Noar, Oa, Oha'a, Oli oli, Panaila, Panasan, Paniala, Perabu, Pogaungsa, Polo, Pun, Sekutin, Sikam, Singkam, Sinong, Taisoh, Tanarem, Taua, Tayok-the, Tepala, Terangan, Term, Thirippu, Thiripu, Thondi, Thrippu, Tingkam, Tingkem, Tingkeum, Toe, Toog, Toogen, Tou, Tuai, Tual, Tuan, Tuel, Tui, Tuir, Tuog, Ulayan, Umba, Uriam, Urian, Urum, Watung, Ye-padauk Distributed in: Australia, Burma, China, Fiji [Polynesia], Fiji, India, Indonesia, Korea-North, Korea-South, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vanuatu, Vietnam (Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka to Australia. Widely distributed Indo-Malayan species extending into the Philippines, Korea, and Polynesia. Common along streams at low and medium altitudes. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Balusters, Beams, Bedroom suites, Bent Parts, Billiard-cue butts, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Decks, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Fine furniture, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Roofing, Structural work, Tool handles, Turnery Environment profile: Status unknown in many of its growth areas Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm
Colors: the heart isRed, Reddish brownand the sapwoodPinkish, White to yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Susceptible to marine borer attack Odor: No specific smell or taste
LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: Drying (speed) is fast
Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly
Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Splitting Ease of Drying: Slowly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: A lesser-known-species from South-east Asia. General finishing qualities are rated as good Cutting Resistance: Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Gluing: Good properties
Mortising: good Moulding: Poor to Very Poor
Oulding characteristics are rated as good. Movement in Service: Poor to Very Poor
Oulding characteristics are rated as good. Planing: Poor to Very Poor Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Response to hand tools: Easy to machine Sanding: Good sanding qualities Veneering qualities: Good gluing qualities, There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits
Turning: Good results
Polishing: Smooth finish; Staining: Stains well
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Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low 0 Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Shrinkage, Radial = moderate 1 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 1 Dnesity (dry wieght) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = small Bending strength (MOR) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Volumetric = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Max. crushing strength = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Resists denting and marring Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Heavy Hardness = medium Hardness (side grain) = hard Density = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very low Aguilar, L.,1941,Relative Durability of Untreated Philippine woods,The Philippine Journal of Forestry 4(3) pp247-56Alston, A.S.,1966,Natural Heartwood Durability,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No. 2Alston, A.S.,1966,Powder Post Beetle Lyctus Species,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.6Alston, A.S.,1982,Timbers of Fiji: Properties and potential uses,Fiji Forestry Department, SuvaAmerica, W.M., Meniado, J.A.,1975,Tuai (Bischofia javanica) lamog (Planchonia spectabilis) and toog,(Petersianthus quadrialatus,For. Prod. Res. & Ind. Dev. Comm. Philippines for pindecom Tech. Note,No.157Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Bolza, E. and N. H. Kloot.1966.The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guniea Timbers.Technological Paper No. 41.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1972,The Mechanical Properties of 56 Fijian Timbers,Australia C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.,62Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government PressBurgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6Cause, M.L.; Rudder, E.J. and Kynaston, W.T.,1989,Queensland Timbers Their Nomenclature, Density, and Lyctid Susceptability,Queensland Department of Forestry, Technical Pamplet No.2Cause, M.L., Et al,1974,The Nomenclature, Density and Lyctus - Susceptibility of Queensland,Timbers,Queensland Forestry Department Pamphlet 13Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. The Malayan Forester, 28(30):315-318.Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea.Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaFiji Department of Forestry,1969,A Summary of the Properties of 34 Indigenous Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.38Fiji Department of Forestry,1970,The Properties and Potential uses of Koka (Bischofia javanica,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.46Fiji Department of Forestry,1972,Guide to the use of local timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.55Fiji Forestry Department,1981,The Properties and Uses of 43 Indigenous and Exotic Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Fiji Timbers and their Uses No.71Floresca, A.R., Rocafort, J.E.,1966,Shrinkage of Philippine Woods,Philippine Journal of Forestry 22(1-4) pp45-57Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. LondonGowers, S.,1976,Some Common Trees of the New Hebrides and Their Vernacular Names,New Hebrides Department of Agriculture, Forestry SectionGuha, S.R.D., Pant, P.C.,1965,Pulping of Bischofia jaranucar Blume,Indian Pulp and Paper 19(12) pp753-6Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza.1961.Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia.Technological Paper No. 12.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Lumberman, 12(5):A-H.Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1956. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 4. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi.Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70Limaye, V.D.,1946,Safe Working Stresses for Indian Timbers,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Utilisation,4(1,pp1-31Limaye, V.D.,1957,Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses and Suitability.,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Timber Mechanics Vol.1 No.2)Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9Nicolas, P.M., Tadena, F.G.,1965,Kraft pulping of Tuai (Bischoffia javanica Blume,Philippine Forestry Journal 21(1/40 pp109-15Osborne, L.D.,1970,Decay resistance of South-West Pacific rain forest timbers,C.S.I.R.O.,Div. for Prod., Tech. paper No.56Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsRawat, B.S., Rawat, N.S.,1960,Physical and Mechanical properties of woods tested at the Forest Research,Institute, Dehra Dun Report XI,Indian Forestry Records (NS) Timber Mechanics 1(12)Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7Simpson, W.T. and J.A. Sagoe. 1991. Relative Drying Times of 650 Tropical Woods : Estimation by Green Moisture Content, Specific Gravity, and Green Weight Density.United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-71, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Streets, R.J.,1962,Exotic Forest Trees in the British Commonwealth,Clarendon Press OxfordTamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-IndonesiaTewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6Thomas, A.V.,1935,Notes on some timbers from Cameron highlands,Malayan Forester 4(4) pp188-96Varian, H.F., Gallardo, A.C.,1940,Notes on the susceptibility to insect attack of Philippine woods,Philippine Journal of forestry 3(3) pp347-78WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.,1972,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 1,Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lands MalaysiaWyatt-Smith, J.,1979,Pocket Checklist of Timber Trees,Malayan Forest Records No.17 |
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