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Balsam fir (Abies balsamea)
Family: Pinaceae Common names: Balsam, Balsam fir, Blister fir, Bracted balsam fir, Canadian balsam, Canadian fir, Eastern fir, Fir, Galm of gilead fir, Silver pine, White fir, White spruce Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America) Distribution overview: In Canada, from Newfoundland and Labrador west to northeast Alberta, then south and east to southern Manitoba. In the U.S., the species can be found in Minnesota, northeast Iowa, central Wisconsin, central Michigan, southern Ontario, New York, central Pennsylvania, Connecticut and Maine. This fir is also widely grown in Great Britain. Common uses: Balusters, Baskets, Blinds, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Casks, Chemical derivatives, Construction, Cooperages, Food containers, Interior construction, Ironing boards, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Packing cases, Pallets, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Shipbuilding, Shutters, Stairworks, Stringers, Veneer, Windows Product sources: Timber coming from Balsam fir is marketed with the spruces (Picea) in the Spruce-Pine-Fir grade.Apart from timber, Balsam fir is also the source of many secondary products. The aromatic foliage is used in Christmas trees, wreaths, and balsam pillows. Canada balsam, an aromatic oleoresin produced from swelling or resin blisters in the bark, is used for mounting specimens for microscopes and for optical cement. Foliage of Balsam fir trees are also fodder for deer and moose in the winter season. Environment profile: Widespread Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isYellow to golden-yellow to orange, Yellowish tanand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureUniform
Natural durability: Resistant to powder post beetles, Susceptible to insect attack Odor: No odor, generally. LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=L US=T14C6S/T12C5S - Drying Defects: Uneven Moisture Content, Uneven moisture content Ease of Drying: Reconditioning Treatement Comments: General strength properties = low Blunting Effect: Little Boring: Fairly easy to very easy Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Gluing: Very good properties Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Nailing: Satisfactory nailing properties, Very Good to Excellent Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy
Screwing: Fair to Good Results, Fairly Easy to Very Easy; Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Painting: Very Good to Excellent; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Very Good to Excellent;
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. 1 Hardness (side grain) = very soft Bending strength (MOR) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Work to Maximum Load = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Toughness (total work) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonDallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonForest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKloot, N. H. and E. Bolza.1961.Properties of Timber Imported into Australia.Technological Paper No. 12.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Alfred A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Pardy, A.A.,1951,Notes on Indigenous Trees and Shrubs of S. Rhodesia - Brachystegia,spiciformis,Ministry of Agriculture and Lands S. Rhodesia Bulletin,No.1604Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Sonderman, D.L.,1970,American Woods - Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-234Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. |
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