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Crabwood (Carapa guianensis)
Family: Meliaceae Common names: Aboridan, Andiroba, Andiroba aruba, Andiroba saruba, Andirobeira, Andirobeira branca, Andirobeira vermelha, Bastard mahogany, Bateo, Bois caille, Bois rouge carapet, British Guiana mahogany, Cabirma de gui, Cachipou, Camacari, Caobilla, Carapa, Carapote, Cedro bateo, Cedro macho, Crabwood, Crappo, Demerara mahogany, Empire andiroba, Figueroa, Iandivora, Jandirova, Karaba, Karapa-yek, Karapai, Krapa, Krappa, Masabalo, Mazabalo, Najasi, Najesi, Nandiroba, Nandirova, Para-mahogany, Saba karaba, Tangare, Tangere, West Indian crabwood Distributed in: Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guadelope [France], Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico [US], Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: Occurs in the West Indies from Cuba to Trinidad and from Honduras south through Central America, the Guianas, and into Brazil, Colombia, and Peru, and the overflow delta lands of the Orinoco in Venezuela; often occurs in pure stands; a lowland species but also at high altitudes along rivers.Andiroba is widely distributed in the Neotropics and Tropical Africa. In the Neotropics it is found from Central America south through Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru and Paraguay, as well as on several of the Caribbean Islands. In Brazil, it is found in the entire Amazon basin, preferentially in the varzeas (seasonally flooded white water terraces) and in the igaperennially flooded margins of black or clear water rivers and streams), frequently in association with ucuVirola surinamensis) and Parubber (Hevea brasiliensis). It is occasionally cultivated on the terra firma (dry uplands), generally on well drained clay soils, where it grows well. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Balusters, Beams, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Ceiling, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Core Stock, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Product sources: The ITTO reports that an important source of timber. Square-edged timber is an important export material. The timber is more abundant in supplies than Honduras mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla).Although it is not as available through hardwood suppliers in the U.S. and Europe as the true mahoganies (Swietenia and Khaya), the timber is less expensive, when available. It is more apt to be found growing in pure stands, and stills occur in enough numbers to be used for construction in some areas within its natural range Environment profile: Vulnerable Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm
Colors: the heart isWhite, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureUniformand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Very durable, Vulnerable to attack by drywood termites and powder-post beetles. Odor: No specific smell or taste
LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 Kiln Drying Rate: Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Variable results. Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Moderate Boring: Fairly easy to very easy Carving: Good results Cutting Resistance: Satisfactory sawing properties Gluing: Glues well Mortising: good Moulding: Good moulding properties Movement in Service: Good moulding properties Nailing: Pre-boring recommended, Tends to split during nailing Planing: Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Abrasion: Moderate Resistance to Impregnation: Permeable sapwood Resistance to Splitting: Satisfactory Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Routing recessing: Good in routing Sanding: Good sanding qualities Veneering qualities: Suitable for slicing, There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Steam bending: Very poor
Screwing: Good screw holding properties, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Very good
Painting: Good; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Good
Better varnishing characteristics than Honduras mahogany;
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Hardness (side grain) = medium 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low 0 Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Hardness (side grain) = soft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Bending strength (MOR) = high Work to Maximum Load = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Resists denting and marring Max. crushing strength = high Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Heavy Hardness = medium Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Bending strength of air-dried wood is similar to that of Teak, which is considered to be strong. Compression parallel to grain is in the high range. Strength properties, especially stiffness, are rated as higher than those of Honduras mahogany. Hardness is rated as medium. It resists denting and marring about as well as white oak or birch. It is a heavy wood with high density. The wood closely resembles the mahoganies (Swietenia and Khaya ), but is less attractive. Acosta-Solis, M.,1960,Maderas Economicas del Ecuador y sus Usos,Editorial Casa de la Culhra Ecuatoriana QuitoAlmeida, D.G. de, Costa, J.R. da,1956,Madeiras do Brasil. (Timbers of Brazil.,Min. Ag. Servico de Economia Rural, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,pp56Arno, J. 1992. Carapa guianensis - Andiroba. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 82-83.Belize,1946,42 Secondary Hardwood Timbers of British Honduras,British Honduras Forest Department Bulletin,No.1Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building ResearchBodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brazil -, I.B.D.F.,1980,Woods from Tucurui - characteristics and application,The Ag. Ministry Brazilian Institute for Forest DevelopmentBrown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 9 Central America and the Caribbean,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant, and P. Vantomme.1990.Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne CEDEX, France.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonConstantine, Jr., A. J. 1959.Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers.Revised Edition.Revised by H.J. Hobbs.Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughDavis, E.M.,1949,Exploratory tests in machining and related properties of 15 Tropical,American Hardwoods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,Report,No.1744Ducke, A.,1943,The Most Important Woods of the Amazon Valley,Tropical Woods,12(74,pp1-15Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFalla Ramirez, A.,1971,Resultados de Estudios Fisico-Mechanicos de Algunas Maderas de la Serrania,de San Lucas. (Some timbers of the San Lucas mountain range.,Plegable Divulgativo, Div. Forestal, Inderena Colombia,pp6Fanshawe, D.B.,1947,Studies of the Trees of British Guiana 1. Crabwood (Carapa guianensis,Tropical Woods,12(90,pp30-40Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOFors, A.J.,1965,Maderas Cubanas,Inst. Nac. Ref. Agraria La HabaraGuna et al, S.R.D.,1945,Notes on British Guiana Timbers,The 'Daily Chronicle' Ltd. Printers,28PPGuyana Forestry Department,1951,British Guiana Timbers - Crabwood,British Guiana Forestry Department Leaflet,No.1Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32Hess, R.W., Wangaard, F.F., Dickinson, F.E.,1950,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 2,Tropical Woods,13(97,pp1-132HMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition.Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Hoheisel, H.,1968,Identification of some Colombian wood Sp. and their possible use on the,basis of physical and mechanical properties,Latin American Forest Research and Training Institute, Merida VenezualaHorn, E.F.,1948,Teredo Resistant Timbers of the Amazon Valley,Tropical Woods,12(93,pp35-40Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryKukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lamb, A.F.A., Wangaard, F.F.,1950,The Gluing Properties of certain Tropical American Woods,Yale Univ. School of Forestry Technical Report,4Lincoln, W. A. 1986.World Woods in Color.Linden Publishing Co., Inc., Fresno, California.Little, E.L.,1948,A Collection of Tree Specimens from Western Ecuador,Caribbean Forester,9(3,pp215-98Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207Loureiro, A.A., Freitas da Silva, M.,1968,Catalogo das Madeiras da Amazonia (2 vols,Min. do Ultramar Belem BrasilMainieri, C.,1978,Fichas de Caracteristicas das Madeiras Brasileiras,Inst. Pesquisas TechnologicasMartin-Lavigne, E.,1909,Recherches sur les Bois de la Guyane,Vigot Freres ParisPardy, A.A.,1956,Notes on Indigenous Trees and Shrubs of S. Rhodesia,Ministry of Agriculture and Lands S. Rhodesia Bulletin,No.1891Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPolak, A.M.,1992,Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Field Guide,The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The NetherlandsRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.Sao Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas,1956,Tabelas de Resultados obtidos para Madeiras Nacionais,Inst. Pesq. Tec. Sao Paulo, Brazil Bol., No.31(2nd Ed.)Scheffer, T.C., Duncan, C.G.,1947,The Decay Resistance of certain Central American and Ecuadorian Woods,Tropical Woods,12(92, PP1-24Slooten van der, H.J., Martinez, E.P.,1959,Descripcion y propiedades de algunas madeiras Venezolanas,Inst. for Lation Americano de Investigacion y Capaciticion Boletin,Informaturo DirulgaturoStevens, W C,1961,Kiln Operators Handbook,HMSOStone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonSurinam Forest Service,1952,Surinam Timber - A Summary with brief descriptions of the main timber,species of Surinam,Surinam Forest ServiceTakahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4Teixeira, D. E., M. A. E. Santana and M. Rabelo de Souza.1988. Amazonian Timbers for the International Market.ITTO Technical Series 1.Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development, Brazil.The Ecological Trading Company Limited (ETC, Newcastle upon Tyre, United Kingdom.Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72Villamil, F.G.,1971,Maderas Colombianas,Proexpo ColombiaVink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.Volkart, C.,1965,Recopilacion dedatos sobre propiedacies y usos maderos del Bosque Tropical,de las Costa Atlantica de Nicaragua,Turrialba,15(1, pp43-57Wangaard, F.F., and A.F. Muschler. 1952. Tropical Woods - Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods, Volume III, No. 98. School of Forestry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.Wangaard, F.F., Chudnoff, M.,1950,The Steam Bending Properties of Certain Tropical American Woods,Yale Univ. School of Forestry Technical Report No. 6Wangaard, F.F., Muschler, A.F.,1952,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 3,Tropical Woods,14(98, pp1-190Wangaard, F.F.,1951,The Physical Properties of Tropical Woods,F.A.O. For. & For. Prod. Studies Series No.3 Tropical Woods and Ag.,Residues as sources of pulp,pp10-16WCMC.1992.Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Williams, L.1936. Woods of Northeastern Peru.Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series, Volume XV, Publication 377, Chicago.Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series |
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