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American chestnut (Castanea dentata)
Family: Fagaceae Common names: American chestnut, Chestnut, Chinkapin, English chestnut, European chestnut, Spanish chestnut, Sweet chestnut Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America) Distribution overview: The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was once one of North America's most important forest trees.The natural range of the American chestnut is in the Carolinian region of eastern North America, and extends from southeastern Michigan through southern Ontario to Maine, and south to Georgia. Chestnut commonly made up to 25 percent of mixed stands and formed pure stands on many dry ridgetops of the Appalachians.Until the 1940's, American chestnut was a prevalent tree species in southern Ontario and occurred throughout the Carolinian or deciduous forest region. It was most common on sandy soils and on well drained slopes in Norfolk County and around Dundas, and millions of trees were present in these areas. American chestnut was a common and well-recognized tree at that time. However, after the 1940's, this species was devastated by the introduction of a plant pathogen from Asia that caused the plant disease called Chestnut blight. Today, there are only several hundred sites left in southern Ontario where Chestnut trees and saplings still survive, from Windsor through London to Oakville and south to Lake Erie. Common uses: Barrels, Bedroom suites, Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canes, Canoes, Caskets, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Crossties, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fiberboard, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Foundation posts, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Lock gates, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Piling, Plywood corestock, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Shingles, Tables, Tool handles, Vats Product sources: Almost all standing chestnut trees have been killed by the chestnut blight (Endothia parasitica), which appeared first in 1904 in New York City, and spread very quickly through the entire range of the species. By 1925, the blight has destroyed the American chestnut population in an area covering about 1000 miles north, south, and west of New York City. Current supplies of chestnut lumber are reported to come from dead trees, most of which can be found standing in the Appalachian Mountains. Dead fallen trees are reported to lead still as the primary source of tannin from all tree growing in the United States. Wormy Chestnut is produced from dead chestnut trees that are attacked by small insects which burrow small round holes throughout the entire tree, giving the resulting wood an antique appearance. Wormy chestnut is moderately expensive, and is popular for the manufacture of picture frames and novelties. It is also sliced for decorative veneer.Some hybrids of chestnut, such as those obtained from Chinese species (which are resistant to the blight) and American species, are also being developed for ornamental, shade, and as wild trees.The following species in the database is similar in appearance to Chestnut: Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) \ Environment profile: Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isPink, Redand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureMedium
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable Odor: No odor, generally. Kiln Schedules: Schedule D UK Drying Defects: Uneven moisture content, Water pockets Ease of Drying: Easy Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight
Comments: A victim of chestnut-blight, a disease caused by an introduced fungus, American chestnut has been wiped out from the forests. Fortunately, the species can be cultivated in the western states and other areas where the blight is absentGeneral finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on machining is slight
Boring: Easy
Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Gluing: Glues well Mortising: Difficult to mortise
Moulding: Good moulding properties
Movement in Service: Good moulding properties
Nailing: Pre-Boring Recommended, Pre-boring recommended Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Routing recessing: Routing is easy
Sanding: Fair sanding qualities
Steam bending: Poor
Screwing: Pre-Boring is recommended in screwing
; Turning: Good results
Polishing: Fair to Good; Staining: Reacts with Iron to discolour wood
;
Work to Maximum Load = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Weight = medium Soft Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Dents and mars easily Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Acosta-Solis, M.,1960,Maderas Economicas del Ecuador y sus Usos,Editorial Casa de la Culhra Ecuatoriana QuitoBoone, R. S., C. J. Kozlik, P. J. Bois, and E. M. Wengert.1988.Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods:Temperate and Tropical.USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADADave Faison.Into the Woods.Personal Communication, 1993.Jackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kaiser, J.Wood of the Month:Chestnut.Wood and Wood Products, December, 1990.Page 44.Kaiser, J. 1989. Wood of the Month - Chestnut: American Chestnut Suffers from Blight; Supplies are Limited. Wood of the Month Annual, Volume 1, Supplement to Wood and Wood Products. Page 29-30.Kline, M. 1980. Castanea dentata - American chestnut. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 92-93.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Panshin, A. J. and C. deZeeuw.Textbook of Wood Technology.McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources.McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressSaucier, J.R.,1973,American Woods - American Chestnut,USDA, Forest Service, American Woods FS-230Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA.1987.Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material.Agriculture Handbook No. 72.United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA.1988.Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy.Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187 |
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