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Sugar mapleSugar mapleSugar mapleSugar mapleSugar mapleSugar maple
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

Family: Aceraceae

Common names: Bird's eye maple, Black maple, Blister maple, Canadian maple, Curly maple, Fiddleback maple, Hard maple, Maple, Rock maple, Sugar maple, White maple

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: Sugar maple grows from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick westward to Ontario and Manitoba, southward through Minnesota, and eastern Kansas into northeastern Texas. It extends eastward to Georgia and northward through the Appalachian Mountains into New England.Local populations occur in northwestern South Carolina, northern Georgia, and northeastern South Dakota.Disjunct populations are known from the Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma.Sugar maple grows in a wide variety of plant communities throughout eastern North America, where it prefers moist soils of uplands and valleys, but may be found in pure stands.It is a dominant or codominant in many northern hardwood and mixed mesophytic communities.Common codominants include beech (Fagus grandifolia), birch (Betula spp.), and American basswood (Tilia americana).

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Billiard-cue butts, Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hatracks, Instrument cases, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Living-room suites, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Musical instruments: strings, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shade rollers, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Stools, Tables , Tables, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Toys, Trimming, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Woodenware

Product sources: Plain maple is readily available in both lumber and veneer forms, but figured maple veneers are limited in availability and are considerably more expensive.Sugar maple derives its name from one of its by-products, maple sugar. A single Sugar maple tree is capable of producing twelve gallons of maple sap a year. About forty gallons of maple sap is required to produce one gallon of pure maple syrup.

Environment profile: Status has not been officially assessed

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isWhite, White to creamand the sapwoodWhitish, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureVery fine

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very little natural resistance

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: Dry at a slow speed

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly

Drying Defects: Sapwood discoloration possible due to extractives., Warping can be expected

Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Moderate

Boring: Very good to excellent results

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Moderate to saw

Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties

Mortising: Very Good to Excellent

Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Nailing: Tends to split during nailing, Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Poor to Very Poor

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Response to hand tools: Variable qualities

Sanding: Very Good to Excellent Results

Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy

Steam bending: Moderate

Screwing: Screwing yields good results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results

Painting: Very Good to Excellent; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Very Good to Excellent;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,49 0,55
Density 721 kg/m3
Bending Strength 751 1188 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 44 101 kg/cm2
Hardness 616 kg
Impact Strength 98 101 cm
Shearing Strength 157 kg/cm2
Stiffness 110 128 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight 737 705 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,77 0,98 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 412 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 10688 16904 psi
Crushing Strength 627 1441 psi
Density 45 lbs/ft3
Hardness 1359 lbs
Impact Strength 39 40 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 4069 7233 psi
Shearing Strength 2235 psi
Stiffness 1566 1828 1000 psi
Toughness 358 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 11 14 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.49 0.55
Weight 46 44 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 14 %

Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Max. crushing strength = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Work to Maximum Load = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact strength) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Resists denting and marring
Max. crushing strength = low
Max. crushing strength = high
Heavy
Hardness = medium
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high
Bending strength (MOR) = low

Betts, H.S.,1959,American Woods- Maple,USDA Forest Service, American woodsBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, WisconsinBrown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonEdlin, H.L. 1969. What Wood is That?: A Manual of Wood Identification. A Studio Book, The VIking Press, New York.Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOFiji Forestry Department,1971,The Properties and Potential Uses of Vuga (Metrosideros collina) A Summary,of C.S.I.R.O. Investigations,Fiji Timbers and their Uses No.52, Department of Forestry, Suva, FijiFindlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PPForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1954,Hardwoods for Industrial Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet, No.48Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1957,Timbers for Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Bulletin, No.40Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32HMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, BuckinghamshireHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kaiser, J.Wood of the Month: Hard Maple - The Most Popular Maple.Wood and Wood Products, February, 1991.Page 38.Kaiser, J. 1989. Wood of the Month - Maple: The Star of Autumn, the Sweetness of April. Wood of the Month Annual, Volume 1, Supplement to Wood and Wood Products, Pages 37-38.Kline, M. 1979. Acer saccharum - Sugar maple. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Pages 21-22.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionNWFA. 1994.Wood Species Used in Wood Flooring.Technical Publication No. A200.National Wood Flooring Association, Manchester, MO.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Rijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic PublishersSkolmen, R.G.,1963,Robusta Eucalyptus Wood: Its Properties and Uses,US. Forest Service Research Paper, No. PSW-9, Pacific Southwest Forest,Range Experimental StationSmith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London
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