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Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia)
Family: Casuarinaceae Common names: Agoho, Agoko, Agoo, Agoso, Aroo, Aru, Australian beefwood, Australian pine, Beach she oak, Beefwood, Bois de fer, Casuarina, Casuarins, Chauku, Chavuku, Chouk, Chowku, Chula-maram, Cipres, Duong-lieu, Filao, Horsetail, Horsetail beefwood, Horsetail casuarina, Horsetail tree, Kasrike, Kattadi, Mabohok, Maribuhok, Muinje, Pinle-kabwe, Pino, Pino australiano, Rhu, Ru, Ru lait, Sampirani, Sauce, Serva, She oak, Shingle oak, Son, Sura, Tinyu, Tjemara, Velau, Weeping willow, Whistling pine Distributed in: Australia, Brunei, Burma, Chile, Fiji [Polynesia], Fiji, India, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico [US], Solomon Islands, South Africa, Thailand, Vanuatu (Africa, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: It has the widest distribution of all Casuarina species and occurs naturally on subtropical and tropical coastlines from northern Australia through Malyasia to Polynesia. The species is naturalized in Kenya. The extensive root material and association with Frankia enable the tree to grow in poor soils. The species grows at an altitude of 0-1400 m, with mean annual temperatures of 10-35 deg. C and mean annual rainfall of 200-3500 mm. It grows on soils which are invariably well drained and rather coarse, textured, principally sands and sand loam. The species tolerates both calcereous and slightly alkaline soils but is intolerant of prolonged waterlogging and may fail on poor sands where subsoil moisture conditions are unsatisfactory. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Beams, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Boat building: masts, Broom handles, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Charcoal, Crossties, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Foundation posts, Fuelwood, Furniture, Handles, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joists, Ladders , Lifeboats, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Oars, Parquet flooring, Piling, Poles, Porch columns, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Shafts/Handles, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Stakes, Structural work, Studs, Sub-flooring, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Utility poles, Vehicle parts, Wheel spokes, Wheels Product sources: The timber is abundant within its natural range and in several warmer regions around the globe where it is cultivated. Although the wood is scarce on the U.S. market, it is fairly easy to acquire. Environment profile: Rare within its natural habitat Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm
Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite, White to yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Very durable, Very durable Odor: Has a taste
Freshly-Cut wood has a strong odor similar to turpentine
Kiln Schedules: Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects: Severe end splitting, Severe surface checking Ease of Drying: Reconditioning Treatement Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as poor Generally strong and durable Heavy and strong Blunting Effect: Little Boring: Fairly difficult to very difficult Carving: Fair to Good Results
Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Poor gluing properties Mortising: Finishes well Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Nailing: Fair to Good , Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planing: Planes to a poor finish Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is moderately resistant Resistance to Splitting: Excellent
Response to hand tools: Easy to machine Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding: Good sanding finish
Veneering qualities:
The timber is too dense and heavy to make conversion into veneers practical
Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Polishing: Surface Preparation; Staining: Requires surface preparation ;
Bending strength (MOR) = high 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Bending strength (MOR) = very high Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs Alston, A.S.,1966,Natural Heartwood Durability,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No. 2Armstrong, F.H.,1951,Resistance to Wear of Afzelia as Flooring,Wood,16(9, pp338-9Arno, J. 1992. Casuarina spp. - Casuarina. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 96-97.Audas, J.W.,Native Trees of Australia,Whitcombe & Tombs PTY. LtdBanks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government PressBrowne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, SarawakBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No.5 Philippines and Japan,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBurgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6Cause, M.L., Et al,1974,The Nomenclature, Density and Lyctus - Susceptibility of Queensland,Timbers,Queensland Forestry Department Pamphlet 13Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonCurran, C.E., Et al,1934,The pulping of cafeput (Melaleuca leucadendron, white mangrove,(Lagunculana racemosa, Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia, and,cunningham pine (Casuarina cunninghamiana) by the sulphate process,Paper Trade Journal Tappi Section 22 pp288-91Dale, I.R., Greenway, P.J.,1961,Kenya Trees and Shrubs,Buchanans Kenya Estates Ltd. Nairobi Hatchards LondonDesch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaFrance - C.T.F.T.,1965,Filao (Casuarina equisetifolia,C.T.F.T. Information techniques No.225Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. LondonKeating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Keay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.Lauricio, F. M., and S. B. Bellosillo.The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods.The Lumberman, 12(5):A-H.Limaye, V. D.1954.Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability.Indian Forest Records, New Series.Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.Limaye, V. D. and B. R. Sen.1956.Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods.Indian Forest Records (New Series).Timber Mechanics.Volume 1 No. 4.Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi.Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70Little, E.L.,1948,A Collection of Tree Specimens from Western Ecuador,Caribbean Forester,9(3,pp215-98Longwood, F.R.,1961,Puerto Rican Woods - Their Machining Seasoning and Related Characteristics,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.205McCann, C.,1947,Trees of India: A Popular Handbook,D.B.Taraporevala Sons & Co. BombayNation Research Council,1980,Firewood Crops Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production,National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C.Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9Ng, F.S.P.,1978,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 3,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries MalaysiaPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsReyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7Sarawak Forestry Department,1953,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Sarawak Forest Department Leaflet No.10Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature BureauSono, P.,1974,Merchantable Timbers of Thailand.,Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok,,Thailand.Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6Thomas, R.J., Gilmore, R.C.,1962,The Machining Characteristics of Casuarina glanca, Casuarina equisetifolia,and Melalenca leucadendron,Department of Wood Science and Technology; School of Forestry, North,Carolina State College, Technical Report 16Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionWCMC.1992.Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World.World Conservation Monitoring Center- Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Yoji Kikata (ed.,1991,The promotion of Lesser-known Species and Plantation-grown species,Proceedings of the International Forest Products Workshop, 14 to 15,October, 1991, Nagoya University, Japan |
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