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Kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra)
Family: Bombacaceae Common names: Algodon de manila, Araba, Arbol de algodon, Arbre a coton, Atgodon di Manila, Bana, Banan, Banda, Bantango, Bantehi, Batte ni gan ken, Baumwollbaum, Baumwollenbaum, Bentang, Bentegnie, Bentegnievi, Benten, Betenbi, Bois coton, Bonga, Bongo, Bossongo, Bouday, Bouma, Bousana, Bulik, Buma, Busan, Busana, Cabellos de angel, Ceiba, Ceiba de Garzon, Ceiba de lana, Ceiba yuca, Ceibo, Ceibo jabillo, Ceibon, Corkwood, Cotonnier, Cottin, Cotton tree, Cottontree, Cutin, Cyyba, Doum, Egungun, Enia, Enyenoa, Fromager, Fromagier, Fuma, Ghe, Grand bois, Habillo, Kaddo bakkoe, Kakantrie, Kalngebard, Kankantrie, Kapok, Kapok tree, Kapokier, Koddobakkoe, Konde, Kumaka, M'fuma, Ngwe, Odouma, Ofua, Ogouma, Okha, Onyina, Pachote, Pailao, Peem, Piim, Piton, Pochote, Pochotl, Pochotle, Poxot, Seiba, Silk cotton tree, Silk-cotton, Silk-cotton-tree, Sumahuma da Varzea, Sumauma commum, Sumaumeira, White cotton-tree, Xiloxochitl, Zai-fuma Distributed in: Australia, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Columbia, Congo, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Liberia, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Puerto Rico [US], Sierra Leone, South Africa, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Zaire (Africa, Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: Throughout the tropical world; from the Tropic of Cancer in Mexico southward through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Ecuador. Also West Africa and Malay Peninsula. Characteristically an open-grown tree. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Bent Parts, Blockboard, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Casks, Chairs, Chemical derivatives, Chests, Cooperages, Core Stock, Cutting surfaces, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Drawer sides, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Insulating boards, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: percussion, Musical instruments: strings, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling , Particleboard, Plain veneer, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Raft floats, Rafts, Rustic furniture, Sporting Goods, Stools, Toys, Turnery, Utility furniture, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wainscotting Product sources: The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber in Central America. It is exported regularly from producing countries, such as Brazil, into China and Japan. Timber production is not regular in Africa, and exports are low.Ceiba is abundant and fast growing, but it is not considered as a major timber on the international market. The wood is similar to Balsa, but it is deemed less desirable because it is not as light. It is considered too soft and too weak to be of value as a construction or cabinetmaking timber. Although Ceiba is not valued as an important source of timber in international commerce, the tree yields many secondary products. Very young unripe pods produced by the tree are eaten in Java, and seeds are crushed and used in soups in Africa. The seeds are also reported to contain 20 to 25% of an edible oil which is also used as a lubricant and for soap manufacture. In many parts of the world, Ceiba trees are reported to have sacred significance. The soft fiber surrounding the tiny seed produced by Ceiba trees, known as Kapok, is used locally to stuff mattresses and pillows, and also for insulation. The fiber is immune to fungi and insect attack and has also been used in life-jackets, life-buoys, upholstery, saddles, sleeping bags, surgical bandages, shoe linings, clothing for aviators, and other protective clothing. Kapok is about 8 times lighter than cotton and requires less in weight for stuffing than any other material. It also has low thermal conductivity, and is one of the best known acoustic insulators on a weight basis. Environment profile: Widespread Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: The heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack, The sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Kiln Drying Rate: Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm)
Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Kiln dries well Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory Blunting Effect: Moderate Boring: Moderately easy Carving: Fair to Good Results Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Moderate gluing properties Mortising: Finishes poorly Moulding: Poor moulding Movement in Service: Poor moulding Nailing: Nails hold poorly, Pre-Boring Recommended Planing: Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood Resistance to Splitting: Excellent
Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding: Poor results Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Screwing: Pre-boring recommended, Screwing yields good results; Turning: Poor results
Painting: Good; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract;
Bending strength (MOR) = very low 0 Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low 1 Shrinkage, Radial = very small 0 Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Hardness (side grain) = very soft Shrinkage, Tangential = small Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Density (dry weight) = <15 lbs/cu.ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Soft Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Dents and mars easily Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low The wood has low density. Arno, J. 1991. Ceiba pentandra - Ceiba. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 100-102.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Belize,1946,42 Secondary Hardwood Timbers of British Honduras,British Honduras Forest Department Bulletin,No.1Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building ResearchBhat, R.V., Singh, M.M.,1954,Indigenous cellulosic raw materials for the production of pulp paper and,board,XXII Wrapping Papers from Trema orientalis,Indian Forester,80(8, pp453-65Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1954,Emien,Bois et Forets Tropiques,38,pp22-6Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1975,Fromager,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,163,pp37-51Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityChichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme.1990.Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.Chowdhury, K.A. and S.S. Ghosh. 1958. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume I - Dilleniaceae to Elaeocarpaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959.Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers.Revised Edition.Revised by H.J. Hobbs.Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153Dalziel, J.M.,1937,The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa,Crown Agents for the ColoniesErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, Nigeria,1965,Nigerian Timbers for Matchmaking,Nigeria Fed. 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Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5Little, E.L., Wadsworth, F.H.,1964,Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.249Little, E.L.,1948,A Collection of Tree Specimens from Western Ecuador,Caribbean Forester,9(3,pp215-98Longwood, F.R.,1961,Puerto Rican Woods - Their Machining Seasoning and Related Characteristics,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.205Marshall, R.C.,1934,Trees of Trinidad and Tobago,Government Printer Port of Spain TrinidadNazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent BelguimPurseglove, J.W.1968.Tropical Crops - Dicotyledon 1.John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. PressRecord, S.J.,1927,Trees of Honduras,Tropical Woods,10, pp10-47Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonRevue des Bois et de ses Applications,1958,Fromager,Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,12(7/8, p45Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSmith, N.J.H, J.T. Williams, D.L. Plucknett and J.P. Talbot.1992.Tropical Forests and their Crops.Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Stevens, W C,1961,Kiln Operators Handbook,HMSOTakahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Teixeira, D. E., M. A. E. Santana and M. Rabelo de Souza.1988. Amazonian Timbers for the International Market.ITTO Technical Series 1.Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development, Brazil.Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187 |
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