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African celtis (Celtis mildbraedii)
Family: Ulmaceae Common names: African celtis, Akpula, Asan, Atako, Ba, Bolunde, Bolwe, Busoga, Celtis, Esa, Esa-fufu, Esa-kokoo, Esa-pa, Gombe, Gombi, Isa, Isa fufuo, Ita, Ita gidi, Ita-gangan, Ita-ita, Itako, Kabaranga, Kalulu, Kayombo, Kiambo, Killiakamba, Lufugo, Luniumbo, Luniumbu, Mengo, Mgua, Mudengwa, Mukokukoma, Mukomakoma, Namanuka, Odu, Odu elias, Ohia, Ohia noleghe, Ohianameme, Omoin, Shiunza, Tongo, Uta, Yisa Distributed in: Angola, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire (Africa) Distribution overview: Throughout much of tropical Africa from the Ivory Coast to Sudan, then south to Angola and Tanzania. Tends to grow in the semi-deciduous, moist, dense forests and transition zones. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Domestic flooring, Flooring, Form work, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Hockey sticks, Interior construction, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Particleboard, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Skis, Sporting Goods, Stairworks, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Product sources: Primary exporting countries are Ghana and Ivory Coast. Although current production is limited because of low demand, it could be increased substantially since the species is abundant and is widely distributed. Environment profile: The environmental status of this species within its natural growth range has not been officially assessed Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureUniformand the lusterPronounced
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, The sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Odor: No specific smell or taste
Silica Content:
African celtis is reported to contain silica, but amounts are usually too low (less than 0.05% of ovendry weight) to affect machining operations.
Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow Kiln Drying Rate: Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Slowly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Blunting Effect: Moderate Boring: Fairly easy to very easy Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Glues well Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding: Very Good to Excellent Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent Nailing: Pre-boring recommended, Very Good to Excellent Planing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding: Very Good to Excellent Results Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Moderate
Screwing: Fair to Good Results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Good staining properties;
Bending strength (MOR) = high 0 Max. crushing strength = high 0 Hardness (side grain) = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high 0 Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 1 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = mediun Hardness (side grain) = soft Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Radial = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Crushing strength = high Bending strength (MOR) = low Strength properties are somewhat higher than those of European beech (Fagus ) Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Cox, H.A.,1940,Notes on Empire Timbers,Empire Forestry Journal,19(2, pp242-4Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe UgandaErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1950,The Seasoning Properties of Exotic Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Leaflet,No.44 and supplements 1 & 2Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceFrance - C.T.F.T.,Promotion of Ivory Coast Timbers. New Series (Leaflets,C.T.F.T.Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonIstas, J.R., et al,1959,Etude de quelques Bois Congolais,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Tec., No.59ITTO.1986.Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.ITTO. New Marketable Species in Africa - Celtis. Technical Notes. Prepared by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-marne Cedex, France.Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5Palmer, E. and N. Pitman. 1972. Trees of Southern Africa, Volume 1 - Covering All Known Indidenous Species in the Republic of South Africa, South-West Africa, Botswana, Lesotho & Swaziland. A.A. Balkema, Publisher. Cape Town, South Africa.Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23Pieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent BelguimSallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Scott, M.H.,1950,Notes on the more Important African Timbers Imported into the Union with,Special Ref. to Port. E.A. Species,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No.19,pp18-62,[South,African Forestry Journal]Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of Africa Woods 2,Tropical Woods 16(106) pp65-97Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer UgandaTanzania Forest Department,1961,Timbers of Tanganyika - Brachystegia spiciformis,Tanzania Forest Dept. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTaylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionUganda Forest Department,1954,Celtis - Celtis soyauxii,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.15Uganda Forest Department,1954,Flooring Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.17Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya |
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