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HackberryHackberryHackberry
Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis)

Family: Ulmaceae

Common names: Bastard elm, Common hackberry, False elm, Hackberry, Hacktree, Hoop ash, Nettle tree, Nettletree, Sugarberry, Western hackberry

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: Hackberry is widely distributed in the eastern United States from the southern New England States through central New York west in southern Ontario to North and South Dakota. Northern outliers are found in southern Quebec, western Ontario, southern Manitoba, and southeastern Wyoming. The range extends south from western Nebraska to northeastern Colorado and northwestern Texas, then east to Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, with scattered occurrences in Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Because sugarberry (Celtis laevigata) and hackberry are so similar, it has been difficult to establish the exact range of either species in the South. Parts of their ranges overlap, with hackberry probably restricted to the upland and sugarberry occupying the bottom land.

Common uses: Bedroom suites, Boards, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Dressed boards, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Lumber, Millwork, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling , Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rough boards/dimension stock, Rustic furniture, Sporting Goods, Stools, Tables , Truck bodies, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative

Product sources: Hackberry is available in large quantities in the form of lumber and quartered, sliced, or rotary cut veneers. The wood resembles Ash and Elm, and is often sold with lower grade material from the two species. Hackbery is too weak and relatively scarce in commercial volumes to be used for building construction. Price is usually within the medium to expensive range.

Environment profile: Widespread

Colors: the heart isYellow to golden-yellow to orange, Yellowish - light graysh brown and the sapwoodSame as heartwood, White to yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureFine to medium

Natural durability: Susceptible to attack by fungi, Very little natural resistance

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: 8 - C4 (4/4) T6 - C3 (8/4) US

Drying Defects: Slow drying with poor air circulation may result in chemical sapwood stains. The wood has a tendency to buckle after drying

Ease of Drying: Easy

Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on machining is moderate

Boring: Easy

Carving: Very good results

Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties

Mortising: Fair mortising qualities

Moulding: Difficult moulding qualities

Movement in Service: Difficult moulding qualities

Nailing: Holds satisfactorily, Pre-boring recommended

Planing: Planes to a satisfactory finish

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Steam bending: Moderate

Screwing: Pre-Boring is recommended in screwing , Screwing yields satisfactory results; Turning: Turns with moderate ease

Painting: Good The wood takes enamels very well.; Polishing: Good; Staining: Stains well Wood yields an attractive appearance with natural finishes ; Varnishing: Ackberry responds very well to varnishing. ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,45 0,49
Density 592 kg/m3
Bending Strength 415 677 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 27 61 kg/cm2
Hardness 429 kg
Impact Strength 119 124 cm
Shearing Strength 111 kg/cm2
Stiffness 69 84 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 624 576 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,77 0,84 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 5908 9631 psi
Crushing Strength 392 872 psi
Density 37 lbs/ft3
Hardness 947 lbs
Impact Strength 47 49 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2462 4718 psi
Shearing Strength 1591 psi
Stiffness 994 1206 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 11 12 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.45 0.49
Weight 39 36 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 14 %

Work to Maximum Load = low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Max. crushing strength = low
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Max. crushing strength = medium
Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low
Heavy
Hardness = medium
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Crushing strength = low
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = very low
Bending strength (MOR) = high

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADAGlendon Smalley,1934,American Woods - Hackberry,USDA Forest Service American woods FS-238Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Kaiser, J.1988 Wood of the Month:Hackberry - The 'Elm' with a Funny Name.In Wood and Wood Products, January, 1988.Page 56.Kline, M. 1983. Celtis occidentalis - Hackberry. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 103.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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