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African celtis
African celtis (Celtis soyauxii)

Family: Ulmaceae

Common names: African celtis, Asan, Ba, Bolunde, Celtis, Esa, Esa fufu, Esa kokoo, Esa pa, Hackberry, Ita, Kayombo, Luniumba, Luniumbu, Mrinde, Mrunde, Mukokukoma, Namanuka, Odou, Ohia, Shiunza

Distributed in: Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire (Africa)

Distribution overview: Tropical Africa, from Guinea to Sudan and south to Angola and Tanzania.

Common uses: Beams, Bent Parts, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Handles, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Moldings, Office furniture, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Porch columns, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rough construction, Stairworks, Structural work, Tool handles

Product sources: Primary exporting countries are Ghana and Ivory Coast. Although current production is limited because of low demand, it can be increased substantially since the species is abundant and is widely distributed.

Environment profile: Rare within its natural habitat

Tree size: Tree height is 0-10 m

and the sapwoodClearly differentiated from the heartwood .The grain isStraight, the textureMediumand the lusterLustrous

Natural durability: Susceptible to attack by fungi, Very little natural resistance

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: 10 - D4S (4/4) US

Ease of Drying: Easy

Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on machining is moderate

Boring: Easy

Carving: Good carving qualities

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Glues well

Mortising: Easy to mortise

Moulding: Good moulding properties

Movement in Service: Good moulding properties

Nailing: Difficult to nail, Pre-boring recommended

Planing: A reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees has been recommended for best planing

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is moderately resistant

Response to hand tools: Difficult to machine

Routing recessing: Good in both routing and recessing.

Sanding: Easy to sand

Veneering qualities: Celtis timbers are reported to respond readily to slicing and peeling after steaming logs to about 200 degrees F (85 degrees C). There is little risk of checking and splitting when drying veneer. Shrinkage in the tangential direction is rated as moderate, and veneers can be glued satisfactorily with Urea formaldehyde or Phenol formaldehyde type adhesives.

Steam bending: Good

Turning: Easy to turn


  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity
Density 721 kg/m3
Bending Strength 675 1204 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 337 573 kg/cm2
Hardness kg
Impact Strength cm
Shearing Strength 130 kg/cm2
Stiffness 115 138 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Radial Shrinkage 5 %
Weight 897 kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 9604 17127 psi
Density 45 lbs/ft3
Maximum Crushing Strength 4802 8155 psi
Shearing Strength 1862 psi
Stiffness 1642 1966 1000 psi
Weight 56 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 5 %
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 13 %

Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high
Bending strength (MOR) = very high
The wood has high density.

Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchITTO.1986.Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.ITTO. New Marketable Species in Africa - Celtis. Technical Notes. Prepared by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-marne Cedex, France.Keay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Maeglin, R., C. K. Baah, G. Troemmer, J. D. Danielson, and S. P. Loehnertz.1989.Pre-project Report:Sawing of Difficult Species. Prepared for International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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