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Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa)
Family: Moraceae Common names: Abang, African oak, African teak, Agui, Akede, Bakana, Bang, Banghi, Bobang, Bonzo, Bush oak, Bush teak, Bwagashanga, Corkwood, Elowa, Elua, Elui, Emang, Geh, Guele, Guh, Gutumba, Intule, Iroko, Kambala, Kimurumba, Logo asagu, Loko, Lusanga, Mamangi, Mandji, Mbala, Mbara, Mereira, Mgunda, Minarui, Mokongo, Moloundou, Molundu, Moreira, Muberry, Mucoco, Murie, Murumba, Mururi, Mutumba, Mutumbav, Muvule, Mvule, Mvuli, Nsan, Ntong, Obas tree, Odji, Odoum, Odum, Oduna, Ofryio, Olia, Olua, Olwaa, Oroko, Oroko ulokoodigpe, Rock elm, Roco, Rokko, Sanga, Semei, Semli, Sime, Simli, Simme, Ssare, Teak, Tema, Toumbohiro noir, Tule, Tule mufala, Uklobce, Ulok, Uloko-mushinogbon, Ulundu, Vai Distributed in: Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe (Africa) Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Core Stock, Decks, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Golf club heads, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Lock gates, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments: percussion, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Piling, Plain veneer, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Stairworks, Tables, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels Product sources: The ITTO reports that the species is a regular source of timber. Timber export is regular except in the Ivory Coast where exportation of the material in log form is prohibited. Iroko is available in moderate quantities in long lengths, wide boards, and in the form of veneers on the European market are priced in the same range as the lower cost hardwoods.Availability in the U.S. is rather limited, but Iroko is sold at comparatively inexpensive prices when available. Iroko is substituted for Teak in many applications, since it performs just as well as Teak and is less expensive. Environment profile: Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Tree size: Tree height is 40-50 m
Colors: the heart isYellow bands, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureUniformand the lusterPronounced
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: Chemical resistant General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Severe and rapid blunting effect Boring: Fairly difficult to very difficult Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Glues well Mortising: Finishes well Moulding: Very Good to Excellent Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent Nailing: Pre-Boring Recommended, Very Good to Excellent Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Abrasion: Moderate
Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is extremely resistant Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Routing recessing: Routing is easy Sanding: Good sanding finish Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Moderate
Screwing: Screwing yields good results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Painting: Surface degreasing is recommended; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Stains well; Varnishing: Satisfactory after treatment;
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Hardness (side grain) = medium 0 Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Shrinkage, Radial = very small 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0 Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = very small 0 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low 0 Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 1 Shrinkage, Radial = small 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low 0 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Max. crushing strength = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Max. crushing strength = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Hardness (side grain) = soft Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = hard Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Very heavy Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Hardness = medium Density = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = high Abankwah, J.M.,1970,A field test for the Natural Relative Durability of Timbers against Fungal,Decay,Building and Road Res. Inst. Ghana Research Note,No.33Arkwright, P.,1958,Know your Timbers No.50 Iroko,Woodworking Industry,15(4,p223Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1973,Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.148,pp33-48Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonBritish Woodworking Federation. 1995. Which Wood . Published by the British Woodworking Federation, Broadway House, Tothill Street, London.Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. MoshiChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonCooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughDesch, H.E.,1947,The Teaks,Wood,12(11,pp324-5Edlin, H.L. 1969. What Wood is That?: A Manual of Wood Identification. A Studio Book, The Viking Press, New York.Eggeling, W.J., Harris, C.M.,1939,Fifteen Uganda Timbers,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire, Imperial Forestry,Institute, Oxford,Part 4Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe UgandaErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOFerreirinha, M.P.,1955,Catalogo des Madeiras de Mocambique (pt 1,Min. do Ultramar Junta Invest. do Ultranar Memorias Serie Botanica, 2Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFouarge, J.,1950,Appropriation de Bois Congolais aux Besoins de la Metropole,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.38Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceFrance - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFTFrance - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 LeafletsFrance - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,FranceGhana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la CamerounHMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods.2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonITTO.1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKline, M. 1982. Chlorophora excelsa - Iroko. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 113-114.Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Kynoch, W., Norton, N.A.,1938,Mechanical Properties of certain tropical woods chiefly from S. America,School of Forestry and Conservation, University of Michigan Bulletin,No.7Lavers, G. M.1966.The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50.Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. (Green values only)Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5Lincoln, W.A. 1986.World Woods in Color.Linden Publishing Co. Inc.,Fresno, California.Meniaud, J., Bretonnet, F.,1926,Les Bois Coloniaux d'Afrique dans l'Industrie,Publ. de l'Agence Gen. des ColoniesMurira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Negi, G.S., Bhatia, D.N.,1958,Physical and Mechanical Properties of Woods tested at F.R.I. Report No.10,Indian Forest Records (N.S.) Timber Mechanics,1(11,pp171-18Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent BelguimRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1940,American Woods of the Family Moraceae,Tropical Woods,8(61,pp11-54Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra LeoneScott, M.H.,1950,Notes on the more Important African Timbers Imported into the Union with,Special Ref. to Port. E.A. Species,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No.19,pp18-62,[South,African Forestry Journal]South African Lumber Millers Assoc.,1969,Notes on some Commercially Available Hardwoods,S.A.L.M.A. Timber Info. Centre Timber Technical Guide,No.1Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of Africa Woods 2,Tropical Woods 16(106) pp65-97Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Streets, R.J.,1962,Exotic Forest Trees in the British Commonwealth,Clarendon Press OxfordT.R.A.D.A.,1982,Timbers for river and sea constructions,TRADA Wood Information Section 0, Sheet 6Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer UgandaTanzania - Timber Marketing Co. Ltd.,1978,Timber from TanzaniaTanzania Forest Department,1964,Chlorophora excelsa (Iroko,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. MoshiTaylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsThomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1952,Foreign Woods Imported into the U.S.,F.P.L. Madison Rep., No. R1903-12Uganda Forest Department,1954,Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet, No.10Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1Uganda Forest Department,1969,The Shrinkage of Some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.47Unwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. LondonVoorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, WageningenWimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi KenyaWood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13 |
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