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Esia (Combretodendron macrocarpum)
Family: Lecythidaceae Common names: Abale, Abin, Abine, Abing, Akusun, Angweshi, Awewe, Bayombi, Bine, Bosaki, Bossoho, Boto, Busheki, Dekolambunda, Esia, Esia-kokobin, Esiapi, Essia, Kapuku mutshi, Kochibibi, Kpa, Minzu, Miuza, Mubuabua, Mubwabwa, Nfunzo, Nonong, Okpoha, Osa, Oto, Owewe, Oze, Pen, Soap tree, Stinkwood tree, Tu-tue, Tufei, Tuntue, Tutwo, Vulo, welo Distributed in: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Zaire (Africa) Distribution overview: Throughout tropical West Africa, fairly common in wet forest areas, infrequent in the dry high forests. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Construction, Core Stock, Crossties, Decorative veneer, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Plain veneer, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Environment profile: Status has not been officially assessed
Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm
Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterLow
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Susceptible to marine borer attack Odor: Odor disappears upon drying Kiln Schedules: UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 Kiln Drying Rate: Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm)
Drying Defects: Severe twisting/warping, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Variable results. Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is unknown Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Medium effect Boring: Very difficult Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties Nailing: Easy to nail, Pre-boring recommended Planing: Reduction of cutting angle recommended Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Veneering qualities: Diifficult to veneer
Steam bending: Very poor
Screwing: Pre-boring recommended
;
Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Stains well after surface treatment;
Bending strength (MOR) = high 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = large 0 Max. crushing strength = high 0 Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Hardness (side grain) = medium Hardness (side grain) = hard Bending strength (MOR) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Bending strength (MOR) = very high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Very heavy Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Resists denting and marring Density = high Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = low Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1950,The Seasoning Properties of Exotic Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Leaflet,No.44 and supplements 1 & 2Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1951,Essia (Combretodendron africanum,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Timber LeafletForests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFortin, Y., Poliquin, J.,1976,Natural Durability and Preservation of 100 Tropical African Woods,International Development Research Centre, CanadaFouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. BelguimFouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76France - C.T.F.T.,1961,Resultats des Observatioms et des Essais Effectues au C.T.F.T. sur Essia,C.T.F.T. Information Technique,No.111France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12Freitas, M.C.P.G. de,1961,Madeiras de Angola Series 1,Reprint from Garcia de Orta Lisbon,9(4,pp699-711Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la CamerounHMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods.2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonJay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees . Clarendon Press, Oxford.Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Lavers, G. M. 1966.The Strength Properties of Timbers.Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5Lincoln,W. A.1986.World Woods in Color.Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent BelguimRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra LeoneSpalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsVoorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. 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