Geronggang (Cratoxylon arborescens)
Family: Guttiferae
Common names: Adat, Buronggang, Dat, Dori, Erat, Geronggang, Geronggang gajah, Geruggang, Gerunggang, Irat, Liu-liu, Madang baro, Mampat, Mentemau, Mepa tamau, Munel, Serungan, Silung-silung, Simarunggang, Temau, Temok
Distributed in: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia (Oceania and S.E. Asia)
Distribution overview: Locally common in Malaysia and Indonesia (Sabah, Northern Sarawak, Brunei), mainly in coastal dipterocarp swamp forests, but also found inland, occasionally on low hills.
Common uses: Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Charcoal, Fiberboard, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Shingles, Tables, Veneer, Veneer: decorative
Environment profile: Status unknown in many of its growth areas
Colors: the heart isPurple, Redand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureUniformand the lusterPronounced
Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very little natural resistance
Odor: No specific smell or taste
Silica Content: Severe
LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5
Drying Defects: Moderate surface checking, Severe end splitting
Ease of Drying: Rapidly
Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is not buttressed
Blunting Effect: Severe and rapid blunting effect
Boring: Fairly difficult to very difficult
Carving: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Cutting Resistance: Surfaces tend to be woolly
Gluing: Easy to glue
Mortising: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Moulding: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Movement in Service: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Nailing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult, Holds nails well
Planing: Torn grain common in quartersawn material
Resistance to Impregnation: Permeable
Resistance to Splitting: Excellent
Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities
Routing recessing: Routing yields good results
Sanding: Good sanding finish
Veneering qualities: Good gluing qualities
Turning: Poor results
Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Very Good to Excellent;
- Numerical data Metric
- Numerical data English
- Strength properties
- References
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 |
 |
 |
Item |
Green |
Dry |
Metric |
Specific Gravity |
0,34 |
|
|
Density |
|
512 |
kg/m3 |
Bending Strength |
402 |
614 |
kg/cm2 |
Crushing Strength |
19 |
29 |
kg/cm2 |
Hardness |
|
144 |
kg |
Impact Strength |
53 |
38 |
cm |
Shearing Strength |
|
68 |
kg/cm2 |
Stiffness |
86 |
103 |
1000 kg/cm2 |
Tangential Shrinkage |
7 |
|
% |
Radial Shrinkage |
3 |
|
% |
Weight |
576 |
432 |
kg/m3 |
Maximum Load |
0,42 |
0,49 |
cm-kg/cm3 |
Toughness |
|
|
cm-kg |
Static Bending |
219 |
341 |
kg/cm2 |
|
 |  |  |  | Item | Green | Dry | English | Bending Strength | 5730 | 8737 | psi | Crushing Strength | 274 | 425. | psi | Density | | 32 | lbs/ft3 | Hardness | | 319 | lbs | Impact Strength | 21 | 15 | inches | Maximum Crushing Strength | 2355 | 3691 | psi | Shearing Strength | | 978 | psi | Static Bending | 3116 | 4858. | psi | Stiffness | 1225 | 1467 | 1000 psi | Work to Maximum Load | 6 | 7 | inch-lbs/in3 | Specific Gravity | 0.34 | | | Weight | 36 | 27 | lbs/ft3 | Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % | Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % | Volumetric Shrinkage | 14 | | % | |
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate 0 Max. crushing strength = low 1 Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = very small Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Weight = light Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = very low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Australia - N.S.W. Forestry Commission,1968,Working Properties of some Native and Imported Timbers,Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Technical Publication No.8Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, SarawakBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBurgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore.Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore.Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceJackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.Kumarasamy, K., Burgess, H.J.,1956,The nailing properties of 72 Malayan Timber Species,The Malayan Forester 19 pp219-26Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry BoardLee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210Martawijaya, A., Kadir, K., Kartasujana, I.,1986,Indonesian Wood Atlas. Vol.1.,Department of Forestry Agency for Forestry Research and Development.,Bogar-IndonesiaMenon, P.K.B.,1959,The wood anatomy of Malayan timbers: commercial timbers, 3. Light,hardwoods,Malaysian Forest Research Institute Kepong, Research Pamplet, No. 27.Perkasa,1979,The Properties of Sarawak Timber - Geronggang (Cratoxylon arborescens,Perkasa,34,p9.Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry DepartmentThomas, A.V.,1932,Malayan timbers tested in a green condition,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.5 (reprint from Malayan Forester,9(4) 1940)Thomas, A.V.,1937,Timber Tests - Geronggang,Malayan Forester,6, pp142-5Thomas, A.V.,1954,Malayan Timbers - Bintangor, geronggang, terentang,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet,no.12Tsumoto, T., Karasawa, H.,1975,The Properties of Tropical Woods 21,Government of Japan Forest Experimental Station Bulletin,No.227Wallis, N.K. 1956. Australian Timber Handbook. Sponsored by The Timber Development Association of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Ltd., 89 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, Australia.WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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