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Geronggang
Geronggang (Cratoxylon arborescens)

Family: Guttiferae

Common names: Adat, Buronggang, Dat, Dori, Erat, Geronggang, Geronggang gajah, Geruggang, Gerunggang, Irat, Liu-liu, Madang baro, Mampat, Mentemau, Mepa tamau, Munel, Serungan, Silung-silung, Simarunggang, Temau, Temok

Distributed in: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia (Oceania and S.E. Asia)

Distribution overview: Locally common in Malaysia and Indonesia (Sabah, Northern Sarawak, Brunei), mainly in coastal dipterocarp swamp forests, but also found inland, occasionally on low hills.

Common uses: Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Charcoal, Fiberboard, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Shingles, Tables, Veneer, Veneer: decorative

Environment profile: Status unknown in many of its growth areas

Colors: the heart isPurple, Redand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureUniformand the lusterPronounced

Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very little natural resistance

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Silica Content: Severe

LightInduced Color Change: Darker

Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5

Drying Defects: Moderate surface checking, Severe end splitting

Ease of Drying: Rapidly

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is not buttressed

Blunting Effect: Severe and rapid blunting effect

Boring: Fairly difficult to very difficult

Carving: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Cutting Resistance: Surfaces tend to be woolly

Gluing: Easy to glue

Mortising: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Moulding: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Movement in Service: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Nailing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult, Holds nails well

Planing: Torn grain common in quartersawn material

Resistance to Impregnation: Permeable

Resistance to Splitting: Excellent

Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities

Routing recessing: Routing yields good results

Sanding: Good sanding finish

Veneering qualities: Good gluing qualities

Turning: Poor results

Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Very Good to Excellent;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,34
Density 512 kg/m3
Bending Strength 402 614 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 19 29 kg/cm2
Hardness 144 kg
Impact Strength 53 38 cm
Shearing Strength 68 kg/cm2
Stiffness 86 103 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight 576 432 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,42 0,49 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending 219 341 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 5730 8737 psi
Crushing Strength 274 425. psi
Density 32 lbs/ft3
Hardness 319 lbs
Impact Strength 21 15 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2355 3691 psi
Shearing Strength 978 psi
Static Bending 3116 4858. psi
Stiffness 1225 1467 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 6 7 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.34
Weight 36 27 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 14 %

Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate 0
Max. crushing strength = low 1
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Work to Maximum Load = very low
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Weight = light
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Density = medium
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = very low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low

Australia - N.S.W. Forestry Commission,1968,Working Properties of some Native and Imported Timbers,Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Technical Publication No.8Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, SarawakBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBurgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore.Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore.Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceJackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.Kumarasamy, K., Burgess, H.J.,1956,The nailing properties of 72 Malayan Timber Species,The Malayan Forester 19 pp219-26Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry BoardLee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210Martawijaya, A., Kadir, K., Kartasujana, I.,1986,Indonesian Wood Atlas. Vol.1.,Department of Forestry Agency for Forestry Research and Development.,Bogar-IndonesiaMenon, P.K.B.,1959,The wood anatomy of Malayan timbers: commercial timbers, 3. Light,hardwoods,Malaysian Forest Research Institute Kepong, Research Pamplet, No. 27.Perkasa,1979,The Properties of Sarawak Timber - Geronggang (Cratoxylon arborescens,Perkasa,34,p9.Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry DepartmentThomas, A.V.,1932,Malayan timbers tested in a green condition,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.5 (reprint from Malayan Forester,9(4) 1940)Thomas, A.V.,1937,Timber Tests - Geronggang,Malayan Forester,6, pp142-5Thomas, A.V.,1954,Malayan Timbers - Bintangor, geronggang, terentang,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet,no.12Tsumoto, T., Karasawa, H.,1975,The Properties of Tropical Woods 21,Government of Japan Forest Experimental Station Bulletin,No.227Wallis, N.K. 1956. Australian Timber Handbook. Sponsored by The Timber Development Association of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Ltd., 89 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, Australia.WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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